शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Seven Testing Principles: Software Testing - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

पाठ बनाया जा रहा है...
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Consider a scenario where you are moving a file from folder A to folder B.
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Think of all the possible ways you can test this.
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Pause the tutorial and think over the exercise.
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Apart from the usual scenarios, you can also test the following conditions.
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trying to move the file when it is open.
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You do not have the security rights to paste the file in folder B.
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Folder B is on a shared drive and storage capacity is full.
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Folder B already has a file with the same name.
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In fact, the list is endless.
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Or suppose you have 15 input fields to test, each having 5 possible values.
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The number of combinations to be tested would be 5 raised to 15.
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If you were to test all the possible combinations, project execution time and costs will rise exponentially.
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Hence, one of the testing principles states that exhaustive testing is not possible.
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Instead, we need the optimal amount of testing based on the risk assessment of the application.
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And the million dollar question is, how do you determine this risk?
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To answer this, let's do an exercise.
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In your opinion, which operation is most likely to cause your operating system to fail?
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I'm sure most of you would have guessed opening 10 heavy graphics applications all at the same time.
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So if you were testing this operating system, you would realize that defects are likely to be found in a multitasking module, and that needs to be tested thoroughly.
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Which brings us to our next principle, Defect Clustering, which states that a small number of modules contain most of the defects detected.
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With experience you can identify such risky modules.
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But this approach has its own problems.
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If the same tests are repeated over and over again, eventually the same test cases will no longer find new bugs.
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This is another principle of testing called pesticide paradox.
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To overcome this, the test cases need to be regularly reviewed and revised, adding new and different test cases to help find more defects.
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But even after all this sweat and hard work in testing, you can never claim your product is bug-free.
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To drive home this point, let's see this video of the public launch of Windows 98.
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Let's plug it in.
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It's going to say, hey, I see you plugged in a new device, and it's going to load in the appropriate drivers.
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You'll notice that this scanner build Whoa.
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Moving right along.
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That must be why we're not shipping Windows 98 yet.
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You would think a company like Microsoft would have tested their OS thoroughly
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and would not risk their reputation just to see their OS crashing during its public launch.
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Hence, the testing principle states that testing shows the presence of defects.
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Testing reduces the probability of undiscovered defects remaining in the software.
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But even if no defects are found, it is not a proof of correctness or a proof that no defects remain in the system.
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But what if you work extra hard, taking all precaution and making sure your software product is 99% bug-free
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and the software does not meet the needs and requirements of the client?
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Which leads us to our next principle, which states that absence of error is a fallacy.
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Finding and fixing defects does not help if the system build is unusable and does not fulfill the user's needs and requirements.
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To fix this problem, the next principle of testing, early testing, states that testing should start as early as possible in the software development lifecycle,
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so that any defects in the requirements or design phase are captured as well.
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We'll have more on this principle in a later tutorial.
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And the last principle of testing states that the testing is context dependent, which basically means
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that the way you test an e-commerce site will be different from the way you test a commercial off-the-shelf application.
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Before we close this tutorial, here's a quick recap of the seven testing principles.
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इस वीडियो के साथ बोलने का अभ्यास क्यों करें?

इस वीडियो में आप जो तकनीकी बातें सुनेंगे, वे केवल जानकारी नहीं हैं, बल्कि आपके अंग्रेजी बोलने का अभ्यास करने के लिए एक सुनहरा अवसर भी हैं। जब आप वीडियो में बताए गए सिद्धांतों पर ध्यान केंद्रित करते हैं, तो आप न केवल अपनी सुनने की क्षमता को बढ़ाते हैं, बल्कि अपनी बोलने की शैली में भी निखार लाते हैं। जब आप इन संवादों को सुनते हैं और उनका अनुसरण करते हैं, तो आप shadow speak तकनीक का उपयोग कर सकते हैं, जिससे आपकी भाषा कौशल में तेजी आएगी।

संदर्भ में व्याकरण और अभिव्यक्तियाँ

वीडियो में, कई महत्वपूर्ण व्याकरणिक संरचनाएँ और अभिव्यक्तियाँ हैं, जो आपकी अंग्रेजी बोलने की क्षमता को निखार सकती हैं।

  • “If you were to test”: यह संरचना संभावना को दर्शाती है और आपको अंग्रेजी में परिकल्पना करने में मदद करती है।
  • “Most of the defects detected”: यहां, “most” और “detected” का उपयोग करके आप विशेषणों और क्रियाओं का सही उपयोग सीख सकते हैं।
  • “Absence of error”: इस वाक्यांश का प्रयोग करते हुए, आप नकारात्मकता को व्यक्त करने का कौशल विकसित कर सकते हैं।

इन अभिव्यक्तियों का अभ्यास करने से आप अपनी बातचीत में ज्यादा प्रभावशाली बनेंगे।

सामान्य उच्चारण की चुनौतियाँ

वीडियो में कुछ शब्द और उच्चारण हैं जो सीखने में मुश्किल हो सकते हैं। जैसे कि “application” और “defects”। इनके उच्चारण पर ध्यान देने से आप अपने अंग्रेजी उच्चारण में सुधार कर सकते हैं। सही उच्चारण न केवल आपकी समझ को बढ़ाता है, बल्कि आपके आत्मविश्वास को भी बढ़ाता है। जब आप लगातार इन शब्दों का अभ्यास करेंगे, तो आप अपनी बोलने की क्षमता में सुधार महसूस करेंगे।

याद रखें, यूट्यूब से अंग्रेजी सीखें और नियमित रूप से ऐसे वीडियो का अनुसरण करें, जिससे आपका अभ्यास मजेदार और प्रभावी हो सके। एक बार जब आप इन सिद्धांतों को अपने बोलने में शामिल कर लेंगे, तो आप पाएंगे कि आपकी अंग्रेजी में कितनी प्रगति हुई है!

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

शैडोइंग तकनीक: पूरी चरण-दर-चरण गाइड पढ़ें →