शैडोइंग अभ्यास: The Berbers: Đề thi IELTS LISTENING (actual test) - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

You will hear part of a lecture on rural development.

First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.

Good morning, everyone.

Now, you'll remember

that last week we looked at the migration of people from the interior of West Africa to various coastal towns, with special reference to Ghana.

Today we're going to focus on the people known as the Berbers, who live in North Africa.

The Berbers inhabited this part of Africa as long ago as the 7th century,

and their society was based on tribes which were scattered throughout a number of countries – Algeria, Morocco, Libya and Mali.

However, at some point in the 12th century, the area was invaded by Bedouin Arabs.

people destroyed the berber's peasant economy as a result many berbers

left their settlements to lead a nomadic life by wandering with their animals through the deserts

and across the different mountains over the centuries many berbers migrated to other countries like spain

and france to work as laborers taking with them their culture and traditions

and their descendants remain there until this day not all the

berbers led a fully nomadic life there were three different groups

some became farmers cultivating the lowlands in the winter

and grazing their flocks of animals in the mountains during the

summer they are called seasonal nomads some berbers who led a

completely nomadic life tended to move from one oasis to another a third group settled by the oases

and and grew fruit and vegetables like dates and eggplants, as well as making olive oil, which they used for cooking.

Traditionally, Berbers kept cattle, sheep and goats, together with oxen, mules and horses.

Now in the Sahel region of North Africa, that's the area south of the Sahara Desert, the region became and still is becoming increasingly dry and arid

so the berbers relied more and more on camels for transporting their families and their goods

how did these different groups of people survive in such harsh conditions where did they live well

berbers who stayed put in one place built single-story stone houses

for protection by quarrying the local rock whereas nomadic berbers carried their homes with them and erected temporary tents

settled berbers developed various small-scale industries such as pottery making and weaving

but these tasks were generally left to the berber women as

you might expect though the life of a settled community was

governed by the men who met regularly in the village square to discuss affairs

and make decisions now let's turn to the tuaregs who belong to a nomadic berber group

and move mainly in the central

and western sahara desert north of the river niger the word tuareg comes from the arabic tawarik

and means god forsaken desert tuareg carried tents made of strips

of goat skins sewn together as many as 40 skins were needed to make a complete tent

if the skins weren't available they wove mats made of grass

or palm leaves and hung them over a frame so

that the tent looked like a humped dome tuareg society was traditionally very feudal

and organized as a strict hierarchy ranging from nobles or aristocrats downwards to laborers whose ancestors had once been slaves.

Tuaregs were famous for their warlike qualities and fierce independence.

In fact, one of the greatest insults was to suggest to a Tuareg that his father had died in his bed, and not while fighting.

Tuareg men were sometimes called blue men, as all adult males wore a dark blue veil in the presence of women, strangers, and in-laws.

Legend had that a Tuareg man couldn't be recognised unless he was wearing this veil.

But this custom of the veil began to disappear as more and more Tuaregs became urbanised and moved to the towns.

I mentioned earlier how dry the Sahel region has become and there have been very severe droughts over the past 30 years.

This has meant that the number of Tuaregs living in the area has declined.

those whose animals were fortunate enough to survive have moved away

from the southern sahara into burkina faso in order to find new grazing lands for their herds

if there's one city which people associate with the sahara desert it's probably timbuktu

but what most people don't know is

that timbuktu was founded by tuareg nomads almost a thousand years

ago the city became the focal point of the trans-Saharan caravan routes.

North African merchants flocked there to do business, and trading in gold and salt flourished.

For many years, Timbuktu was considered inaccessible.

But today, what is left of the city attracts a small number of tourists.

The tourism department of the Mali government employs some Tuaregs who act as guides.

Essential, really when you realize

that it's only the tuaregs who can find their way around

the desert using the sand dunes as landmarks right i'll take

questions now before i go on to discuss tamashek the language spoken by the tuaregs which also has an alphabet called Thank

you.

Thank you.

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

शैडोइंग अभ्यास: The Berbers: Đề thi IELTS LISTENING (actual test) - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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