शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Two Astrophysicists Debate Free Will - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
पाठ बनाया जा रहा है...
1
Charles, I want to compare notes on free will.
2
Oh, one of my favorite things to ask about.
3
Here's my take.
4
It is true that at some level of resolution that we can observe, causality is absolutely true given these initial conditions, this is what will happen afterwards.
5
That's the physicist.
6
That's the physicist who's speaking.
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So if you take it to its logical conclusion, then there is no free will because everything is predetermined by things that...
8
Everything has an antecedent.
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Whether you know it or not, something is causing it to happen.
10
Something precipitated the thing that caused the thing that made that happen.
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It's always going to happen.
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But there is also stochastic uncertainty in the universe.
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It's built in.
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There's randomness.
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There's unpredictability.
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Yeah.
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And so you have to ask, I think, if you're a physicist, what level of chaos actually affects you to the extent
18
that you could actually make an instantaneous decision based on other stuff that's not necessarily in your past experiences
19
or what you have just seen in your current environment.
20
But wouldn't all those past experiences and your current environment,
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despite the fact that if you're introducing an element of chaos so that you've never experienced this ever before,
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your experiences that you have had would then inform your decision about the thing that you've never experienced?
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Your inform is the word.
24
Oh.
25
Is it inform or dictate?
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Predicate, right.
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Right. Or require.
28
Oh.
29
Right.
30
That's the thing.
31
Let's say you're in a room with a whole bunch of audience members.
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You tell a joke.
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Right.
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It falls flat.
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In that moment, you have many things you could do to turn it into a laugh point.
36
True.
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You hear silence and you'd be like, oh, that was good.
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And then everyone laughs.
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So you make some sort of time.
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Is this mic on?
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That's the old one.
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What do you do?
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Do you have the freedom to choose one of several choices
44
that you had designed from your past that you prepared to deal with that eventuality?
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Or is the choice made for you already?
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But if he was less experienced, he might not dig out of that hole as effectively or efficiently.
47
Exactly.
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But if you've been in 100 cases where you had a joke bomb, you have data on how to pull out of it so statistically you have a chance of getting people to smile.
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And it happens instantaneously.
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You don't even realize that it's happening.
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It's in the moment.
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Did you have free will to not?
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See, that's right.
54
So now that would be interesting because here you are in a place where your instinct,
55
your training, and your desire.
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10,000 hours, whatever it is.
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Will, as a reflex, cause you to say this, this, and this.
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And then people go, wow, that was great.
59
Look how he turned it around.
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So, Charles, can I say in that comment that he preloaded his neurosynapses so that in that moment,
61
they all tripped.
62
Right.
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They tripped meaning triggered to go to the solution to that problem.
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Right.
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Same is true.
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But then I wouldn't have free will at that point.
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It would just be a response.
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What I would have is a response to a situation.
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Not necessarily.
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I wasn't really choosing that.
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It chose it for you.
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It chose it for me.
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You have five choices and then your system chooses one of the five.
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In that moment.
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In that moment, right?
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And so in that moment, you are not exercising free will.
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Did you set it up though with free will in the past so that you could react this way deterministically,
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but you actually were in control of the circumstance, right?
79
Here's another physical example of that.
80
A football player is trying to sack a quarterback.
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The quarterback jukes left.
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The person trying to sack the QB doesn't have enough time to think about whether to move left
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or right or up or down.
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It has to react based on years of training and practice and experience.
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So in that moment, that action is not free.
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But in the setting up of that moment, if it was free enough, does that constitute free will?
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From a physics perspective, it might not.
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Then again, from a psychological point of view or from a biological point of view, it might.
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What good are you if you're not landing on one side or the other?
90
I don't need you to say, it could be this, it could be that.
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And I'm right both ways.
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Whichever the actual answer is, I was right.
93
Well, he's saying I don't really have the free will to make that determination.
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I'm going to be right or wrong.
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Let's just ask an opinion.
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In my opinion, I would like to have free will exist in this universe, even though philosophically it can be argued that it does not exist.
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Are you happy with a world where you perceive free will even if it isn't?
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Maybe.
99
This has to do with the movie Arrival, starring Amy Adams, where if you know how your future is going to turn out, would you like to live your life anyway?
100
And the answer is yes, I would.
101
But I still would like to think that the future is not yet predetermined.
102
No, no, but you know what?
103
It's different.
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I'm not saying it's predetermined and you know it.
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I'm saying would you still be happy with life if some alien said,
106
look, dude, your life is predetermined there's nothing you can do about it, keep on believing you have free will.
107
And then they go back to their planet.
108
You're a puppet on a string.
109
A puppet on a string.
110
That's a free will puppet.
111
You're a free will puppet on a string.
112
What I would say in that case is that I would hope
113
that the knowledge that I have that puppet on the string circumstance allows me to circumvent it.
114
I can find a way if, you know, it's fate, right?
115
You've seen so many Greek mythology stories where you try to avoid the fate of whatever the gods have destined for you.
116
The act of avoiding it.
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The act of the blood makes it happen.
118
Like Oedipus, for example.
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Oedipus would be the most egregious example.
120
Sorry.
121
So the bottom line is, yes, I would still be satisfied with trying to do something different,
122
because even the illusion of trying to do something different is in itself a form of free will.
123
Physics-wise, though, that's the challenge.
124
Yeah, yeah.
125
So, Neil, if you had to, right now, decide that free will does exist or doesn't exist, what would you prefer?
126
My thinking over the recent years, because I didn't used to think about this at all,
127
my thinking over recent years is leaning towards the absence of free will for practically everything we think
128
and do in our lives.
129
And I base that on the fact that over time, things that we have done as people in our species,
130
at one time was, you are totally to blame for that, or something you did, or something you...
131
We've learned, no, this person is more susceptible than you are to addiction.
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There's a biochemistry there.
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This person cannot just be made the life of the party because they're on the autism spectrum.
134
They don't control that in the way you might think they should just because you're the life of the party.
135
As you add up all of these things, let's go back to epilepsy, where before that was even a word, you were occupied by the devil.
136
Did you do something bad?
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Or, well, you knew it was not, everyone knew you were not in control of it.
138
But today, no one is saying, did you have the free will to not have an epileptic seizure?
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Of course not.
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Do you have the free will to not be depressed?
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The person who's ready to jump off the bridge, in that instant, do they have the free will to not jump off the bridge?
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I don't think so and the more i add up
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and explore the human condition i'm forced to conclude
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that the direction we are headed is
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that we are all products of an absence of free will
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and as a result society needs more compassion for people who
147
do not otherwise fit in see i have the exact opposite position in my own mind.
148
I feel that it is because of the absence of free will that you see in most behavior,
149
that it is that one percent of free will activity that moves us in the right direction,
150
bends us toward compassion, takes the arc of history toward justice.
151
But then going back to what Neil just said, there are people who actually suffer from personality disorders,
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that suffer from brain disorders, where they can't do what you just said.
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They can't express compassion, they can't move towards the...
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There was a day when no one even thought to analyze it that way, as a brain disorder.
155
Yeah, you were just an a-hole.
156
Yeah, exactly.
157
That was it.
158
If they can't, you can.
159
You can show that person compassion or understanding, and therefore free will as an entity exists exists.
160
Carlts, you're drawing a line that I have seen be in constant motion over the decades and over the centuries.
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That line that you're saying, they don't have free will but I do?
162
Uh-huh, uh-huh.
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I don't know that I can...
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See, I have free will over some things and not over others.
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Someone can see me and say, ah, that person needs help in this way and has the free will to help me.
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I see somebody else who needs this help and free will.
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Together it is a network.
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It's not that any individual...
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So you have to draw the line for every individual and even perhaps for society.
170
Okay.
171
Does the criminal who's born in poverty have free will to not be a criminal
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if most of the people in prison came in below the poverty line?
173
Great question.
174
So there's some sociological force operating there where we are less susceptible to that force.
175
I think that's a great question, analogy.
176
Let's say this this.
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Say those folks who have been branded criminals by our society are incarcerated.
178
Yes.
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We can then, who were fortunate enough not to face those same circumstances who are not incarcerated,
180
can look at these incarcerated people and instead of saying we must keep them away from society, welcome them back.
181
So that's called restorative justice.
182
Yeah.
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And that's a free will example of the exercise of free will. Of society.
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Of society toward individuals who may not have had the options, had the life experience to recover from a bombed joke.
185
I saw an old movie where there was a guy who was a junkie, right, and he needed help.
186
But they said, no, the cops came and arrested him because he was a junkie.
187
Today, you wouldn't do that.
188
You would say the person needs help.
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They need treatment.
190
Even if that person had robbed somebody, that person needs treatment.
191
And the people who cannot shake whatever it is
192
that afflicts tells me that free will cannot be as free as we think it is.
193
Do you remember the shooter in the University of Texas at Austin?
194
I remember that one.
195
Okay?
196
There's a movie they made out of it called The Tower where he left a note saying, I just want to kill people.
197
Something must be wrong with my brain.
198
Please, when I die, find out.
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Look into this.
200
And there was a tumor putting pressure on a part of it.
201
In fact, that's how we learn anything about how the brain works when you have situations like this.
202
And this person had the free will to write a note.
203
He had the free will to write the note.
204
So he did not have the will to resist shooting.
205
But that's the line that you were talking about is a partial one.
206
Why isn't that line always in motion as we learn more and more about how the mind works?
207
It is.
208
Okay, so then maybe it's a line of convenience today, but tomorrow we're going to find out,
209
oh my gosh, that person has no real free control over their behavior, over their personality, over their tendencies,
210
over their treatment of others.
211
It's not a line of convenience.
212
It is, in your words, a perimeter of ignorance.
213
When Newton said we couldn't explain certain things, God must have done it. Of course.
214
That's a God of the gaps. Of course.
215
That delineates what we don't know.
216
The line you describe, I hope, is in fact that perimeter of ignorance which we slowly are moving toward
217
and moving so that we do understand what the true nature of free will is.
218
So this is where people will push back.
219
Most people are concerned not about the actions, but the consequences.
220
So what they're thinking about is the punitive response to someone who does something wrong.
221
And is a punitive response a deterrent for somebody doing something wrong or doing something wrong in the future?
222
Especially if they don't have the free will the free will.
223
So there's the other side of this entire analysis is how
224
does society interact with people who are being brought into the circle day by day.
225
We're learning what we have control over and what we don't, biophysiologically, intellectually, emotionally.
226
Why do people need anxiety meds?
227
Do they have the freedom to not be anxious?
228
Because they have children.
229
That is why That is why I'm taking them every day, and I got three reasons that I take them every day.
230
Some kids need them because they have parents.
231
I'm just saying.
232
Okay, so Charles, if we're going to exit this conversation, if we find a point of agreement, it's that this perimeter of ignorance,
233
we recognize inside the perimeter there are forces operating against free will,
234
our physiology, our neurochemistry, and physics, that surely that perimeter may grow,
235
but it's possible that there's a limit to how far it will grow, beyond which we have to admit the existence of free will.
236
Okay, I'll give you that.
237
Very nice.
238
It doesn't have to be absolute in one direction or another.
239
It's a bit more fluid.
240
I'm okay with that.
241
There is uncertainty in the universe.
242
I embrace it.
243
I'll tell you this much.
244
I've been married for 20 plus years.
245
I do not have free will. On that note!
246
Chuck and Charles, thanks for helping us with this explainer.
247
Awesome.
248
On the perspectives, let's call it.
249
But emergent perspectives on free will.
250
Neil deGrasse Tyson for StarTalk, yet another explainer in the universe.
251
Keep looking up.
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव
इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 251 वाक्य और 2495 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 15:09 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 165 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्वाभाविक गति से बोलता है, जो रोज़मर्रा की बातचीत के करीब है। 87% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं; बाकी शब्द अभ्यास से पहले देख लेना अच्छा रहेगा।
इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली
वीडियो के 15 सीखने लायक शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:
| शब्द | उच्चारण | अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| puppet संज्ञा | /ˈpʌpɪt/ | कठपुतली, गुड़िया |
| perimeter संज्ञा | /pɪˈɹɪm.ɪ.tə/ | परिमाप |
| string संज्ञा | /stɹɪŋ/ | तार, रस्सी |
| compassion संज्ञा | /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/ | दया, करुणा |
| physics संज्ञा | /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ | भौतिक शास्त्र, भौतिकी |
| absence संज्ञा | /ˈæb.s(ə)n̩s/ | अनुपस्थिति |
| disorder संज्ञा | /dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/ | अव्यवस्था, अस्त-व्यस्त |
| inform क्रिया | /ɪnˈfɔɹm/ | सूचित करना, बताना |
| ignorance संज्ञा | /ˈɪɡ.nɚ.əns/ | अज्ञान, अविद्या |
| circumstance संज्ञा | /ˈsɝ.kəmˌstæns/ | परिस्थिति |
| necessarily क्रिया विशेषण | /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/ | अवश्य, अनिवार्यतः |
| poverty संज्ञा | /ˈpɑːvɚti/ | ग़रीबी, निर्धनता |
| fate संज्ञा | /feɪt/ | क़िस्मत, किस्मत |
| chaos संज्ञा | /ˈkeɪˌɑs/ | अव्यवस्था |
| uncertainty संज्ञा | /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/ | संदेह, संशय |
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| शर्त वाले वाक्य if + उपवाक्य, will/would + क्रिया — शर्त और उसका नतीजा | if they don't have the free will the |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | have just seen · you've never experienced · you've been |
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | is predetermined · can be argued · be satisfied |
| Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी | people who actually · guy who was · people who cannot |
ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण
वक्ता 56 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे don't, you're, I'm। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।
- “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: compassion /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/, conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/, shake /ˈʃeɪk/, partial /ˈpɑɹʃəl/, determination /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/
- लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: perimeter /pɪˈɹɪm.ɪ.tə/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, uncertainty /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/
इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें
- पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
- 0.75× गति से शुरू करें, एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें, और सहज लगने पर सामान्य गति पर लौटें।
- अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर puppet, perimeter, string जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।