Практика Shadowing: Two Astrophysicists Debate Free Will - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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251 предложений
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1
Charles, I want to compare notes on free will.
Чарльз, я хочу обменяться мнениями по поводу свободы воли.
2
Oh, one of my favorite things to ask about.
О, это один из моих любимых вопросов для обсуждения.
3
Here's my take.
Вот моё мнение.
4
It is true that at some level of resolution that we can observe, causality is absolutely true given these initial conditions, this is what will happen afterwards.
Верно, что на некотором уровне разрешения, который мы можем наблюдать, причинность является абсолютно истинной: при данных начальных условиях именно это произойдёт впоследствии.
5
That's the physicist.
6
That's the physicist who's speaking.
7
So if you take it to its logical conclusion, then there is no free will because everything is predetermined by things that...
8
Everything has an antecedent.
9
Whether you know it or not, something is causing it to happen.
10
Something precipitated the thing that caused the thing that made that happen.
11
It's always going to happen.
12
But there is also stochastic uncertainty in the universe.
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It's built in.
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There's randomness.
15
There's unpredictability.
16
Yeah.
17
And so you have to ask, I think, if you're a physicist, what level of chaos actually affects you to the extent
18
that you could actually make an instantaneous decision based on other stuff that's not necessarily in your past experiences
19
or what you have just seen in your current environment.
20
But wouldn't all those past experiences and your current environment,
21
despite the fact that if you're introducing an element of chaos so that you've never experienced this ever before,
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your experiences that you have had would then inform your decision about the thing that you've never experienced?
23
Your inform is the word.
24
Oh.
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Is it inform or dictate?
26
Predicate, right.
27
Right. Or require.
28
Oh.
29
Right.
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That's the thing.
31
Let's say you're in a room with a whole bunch of audience members.
32
You tell a joke.
33
Right.
34
It falls flat.
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In that moment, you have many things you could do to turn it into a laugh point.
36
True.
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You hear silence and you'd be like, oh, that was good.
38
And then everyone laughs.
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So you make some sort of time.
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Is this mic on?
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That's the old one.
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What do you do?
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Do you have the freedom to choose one of several choices
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that you had designed from your past that you prepared to deal with that eventuality?
45
Or is the choice made for you already?
46
But if he was less experienced, he might not dig out of that hole as effectively or efficiently.
47
Exactly.
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But if you've been in 100 cases where you had a joke bomb, you have data on how to pull out of it so statistically you have a chance of getting people to smile.
49
And it happens instantaneously.
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You don't even realize that it's happening.
51
It's in the moment.
52
Did you have free will to not?
53
See, that's right.
54
So now that would be interesting because here you are in a place where your instinct,
55
your training, and your desire.
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10,000 hours, whatever it is.
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Will, as a reflex, cause you to say this, this, and this.
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And then people go, wow, that was great.
59
Look how he turned it around.
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So, Charles, can I say in that comment that he preloaded his neurosynapses so that in that moment,
61
they all tripped.
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Right.
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They tripped meaning triggered to go to the solution to that problem.
64
Right.
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Same is true.
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But then I wouldn't have free will at that point.
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It would just be a response.
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What I would have is a response to a situation.
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Not necessarily.
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I wasn't really choosing that.
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It chose it for you.
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It chose it for me.
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You have five choices and then your system chooses one of the five.
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In that moment.
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In that moment, right?
76
And so in that moment, you are not exercising free will.
77
Did you set it up though with free will in the past so that you could react this way deterministically,
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but you actually were in control of the circumstance, right?
79
Here's another physical example of that.
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A football player is trying to sack a quarterback.
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The quarterback jukes left.
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The person trying to sack the QB doesn't have enough time to think about whether to move left
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or right or up or down.
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It has to react based on years of training and practice and experience.
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So in that moment, that action is not free.
86
But in the setting up of that moment, if it was free enough, does that constitute free will?
87
From a physics perspective, it might not.
88
Then again, from a psychological point of view or from a biological point of view, it might.
89
What good are you if you're not landing on one side or the other?
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I don't need you to say, it could be this, it could be that.
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And I'm right both ways.
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Whichever the actual answer is, I was right.
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Well, he's saying I don't really have the free will to make that determination.
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I'm going to be right or wrong.
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Let's just ask an opinion.
96
In my opinion, I would like to have free will exist in this universe, even though philosophically it can be argued that it does not exist.
97
Are you happy with a world where you perceive free will even if it isn't?
98
Maybe.
99
This has to do with the movie Arrival, starring Amy Adams, where if you know how your future is going to turn out, would you like to live your life anyway?
100
And the answer is yes, I would.
101
But I still would like to think that the future is not yet predetermined.
102
No, no, but you know what?
103
It's different.
104
I'm not saying it's predetermined and you know it.
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I'm saying would you still be happy with life if some alien said,
106
look, dude, your life is predetermined there's nothing you can do about it, keep on believing you have free will.
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And then they go back to their planet.
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You're a puppet on a string.
109
A puppet on a string.
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That's a free will puppet.
111
You're a free will puppet on a string.
112
What I would say in that case is that I would hope
113
that the knowledge that I have that puppet on the string circumstance allows me to circumvent it.
114
I can find a way if, you know, it's fate, right?
115
You've seen so many Greek mythology stories where you try to avoid the fate of whatever the gods have destined for you.
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The act of avoiding it.
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The act of the blood makes it happen.
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Like Oedipus, for example.
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Oedipus would be the most egregious example.
120
Sorry.
121
So the bottom line is, yes, I would still be satisfied with trying to do something different,
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because even the illusion of trying to do something different is in itself a form of free will.
123
Physics-wise, though, that's the challenge.
124
Yeah, yeah.
125
So, Neil, if you had to, right now, decide that free will does exist or doesn't exist, what would you prefer?
126
My thinking over the recent years, because I didn't used to think about this at all,
127
my thinking over recent years is leaning towards the absence of free will for practically everything we think
128
and do in our lives.
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And I base that on the fact that over time, things that we have done as people in our species,
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at one time was, you are totally to blame for that, or something you did, or something you...
131
We've learned, no, this person is more susceptible than you are to addiction.
132
There's a biochemistry there.
133
This person cannot just be made the life of the party because they're on the autism spectrum.
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They don't control that in the way you might think they should just because you're the life of the party.
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As you add up all of these things, let's go back to epilepsy, where before that was even a word, you were occupied by the devil.
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Did you do something bad?
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Or, well, you knew it was not, everyone knew you were not in control of it.
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But today, no one is saying, did you have the free will to not have an epileptic seizure?
139
Of course not.
140
Do you have the free will to not be depressed?
141
The person who's ready to jump off the bridge, in that instant, do they have the free will to not jump off the bridge?
142
I don't think so and the more i add up
143
and explore the human condition i'm forced to conclude
144
that the direction we are headed is
145
that we are all products of an absence of free will
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and as a result society needs more compassion for people who
147
do not otherwise fit in see i have the exact opposite position in my own mind.
148
I feel that it is because of the absence of free will that you see in most behavior,
149
that it is that one percent of free will activity that moves us in the right direction,
150
bends us toward compassion, takes the arc of history toward justice.
151
But then going back to what Neil just said, there are people who actually suffer from personality disorders,
152
that suffer from brain disorders, where they can't do what you just said.
153
They can't express compassion, they can't move towards the...
154
There was a day when no one even thought to analyze it that way, as a brain disorder.
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Yeah, you were just an a-hole.
156
Yeah, exactly.
157
That was it.
158
If they can't, you can.
159
You can show that person compassion or understanding, and therefore free will as an entity exists exists.
160
Carlts, you're drawing a line that I have seen be in constant motion over the decades and over the centuries.
161
That line that you're saying, they don't have free will but I do?
162
Uh-huh, uh-huh.
163
I don't know that I can...
164
See, I have free will over some things and not over others.
165
Someone can see me and say, ah, that person needs help in this way and has the free will to help me.
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I see somebody else who needs this help and free will.
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Together it is a network.
168
It's not that any individual...
169
So you have to draw the line for every individual and even perhaps for society.
170
Okay.
171
Does the criminal who's born in poverty have free will to not be a criminal
172
if most of the people in prison came in below the poverty line?
173
Great question.
174
So there's some sociological force operating there where we are less susceptible to that force.
175
I think that's a great question, analogy.
176
Let's say this this.
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Say those folks who have been branded criminals by our society are incarcerated.
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Yes.
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We can then, who were fortunate enough not to face those same circumstances who are not incarcerated,
180
can look at these incarcerated people and instead of saying we must keep them away from society, welcome them back.
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So that's called restorative justice.
182
Yeah.
183
And that's a free will example of the exercise of free will. Of society.
184
Of society toward individuals who may not have had the options, had the life experience to recover from a bombed joke.
185
I saw an old movie where there was a guy who was a junkie, right, and he needed help.
186
But they said, no, the cops came and arrested him because he was a junkie.
187
Today, you wouldn't do that.
188
You would say the person needs help.
189
They need treatment.
190
Even if that person had robbed somebody, that person needs treatment.
191
And the people who cannot shake whatever it is
192
that afflicts tells me that free will cannot be as free as we think it is.
193
Do you remember the shooter in the University of Texas at Austin?
194
I remember that one.
195
Okay?
196
There's a movie they made out of it called The Tower where he left a note saying, I just want to kill people.
197
Something must be wrong with my brain.
198
Please, when I die, find out.
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Look into this.
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And there was a tumor putting pressure on a part of it.
201
In fact, that's how we learn anything about how the brain works when you have situations like this.
202
And this person had the free will to write a note.
203
He had the free will to write the note.
204
So he did not have the will to resist shooting.
205
But that's the line that you were talking about is a partial one.
206
Why isn't that line always in motion as we learn more and more about how the mind works?
207
It is.
208
Okay, so then maybe it's a line of convenience today, but tomorrow we're going to find out,
209
oh my gosh, that person has no real free control over their behavior, over their personality, over their tendencies,
210
over their treatment of others.
211
It's not a line of convenience.
212
It is, in your words, a perimeter of ignorance.
213
When Newton said we couldn't explain certain things, God must have done it. Of course.
214
That's a God of the gaps. Of course.
215
That delineates what we don't know.
216
The line you describe, I hope, is in fact that perimeter of ignorance which we slowly are moving toward
217
and moving so that we do understand what the true nature of free will is.
218
So this is where people will push back.
219
Most people are concerned not about the actions, but the consequences.
220
So what they're thinking about is the punitive response to someone who does something wrong.
221
And is a punitive response a deterrent for somebody doing something wrong or doing something wrong in the future?
222
Especially if they don't have the free will the free will.
223
So there's the other side of this entire analysis is how
224
does society interact with people who are being brought into the circle day by day.
225
We're learning what we have control over and what we don't, biophysiologically, intellectually, emotionally.
226
Why do people need anxiety meds?
227
Do they have the freedom to not be anxious?
228
Because they have children.
229
That is why That is why I'm taking them every day, and I got three reasons that I take them every day.
230
Some kids need them because they have parents.
231
I'm just saying.
232
Okay, so Charles, if we're going to exit this conversation, if we find a point of agreement, it's that this perimeter of ignorance,
233
we recognize inside the perimeter there are forces operating against free will,
234
our physiology, our neurochemistry, and physics, that surely that perimeter may grow,
235
but it's possible that there's a limit to how far it will grow, beyond which we have to admit the existence of free will.
236
Okay, I'll give you that.
237
Very nice.
238
It doesn't have to be absolute in one direction or another.
239
It's a bit more fluid.
240
I'm okay with that.
241
There is uncertainty in the universe.
242
I embrace it.
243
I'll tell you this much.
244
I've been married for 20 plus years.
245
I do not have free will. On that note!
246
Chuck and Charles, thanks for helping us with this explainer.
247
Awesome.
248
On the perspectives, let's call it.
249
But emergent perspectives on free will.
250
Neil deGrasse Tyson for StarTalk, yet another explainer in the universe.
251
Keep looking up.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
В этом видео 251 предложений и 2495 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 15:09. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 165 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. 87% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| puppet существительное | /ˈpʌpɪt/ | марионе́тка, ку́кла |
| perimeter существительное | /pɪˈɹɪm.ɪ.tə/ | пери́метр |
| string существительное | /stɹɪŋ/ | бечёвка, верёвка |
| compassion существительное | /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/ | сострада́ние, сочу́вствие |
| physics существительное | /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ | фи́зика |
| absence существительное | /ˈæb.s(ə)n̩s/ | отсу́тствие, отлу́чка |
| disorder существительное | /dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/ | беспоря́док, каварда́к |
| inform глагол | /ɪnˈfɔɹm/ | сообща́ть, сообщи́ть |
| ignorance существительное | /ˈɪɡ.nɚ.əns/ | неве́жество, неве́дение |
| circumstance существительное | /ˈsɝ.kəmˌstæns/ | обстоя́тельство, усло́вие |
| necessarily наречие | /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/ | обяза́тельно |
| poverty существительное | /ˈpɑːvɚti/ | бе́дность, нищета́ |
| suffer глагол | /ˈsʌfɚ/ | страда́ть, му́чаться |
| fate существительное | /feɪt/ | судьба́, до́ля |
| chaos существительное | /ˈkeɪˌɑs/ | ха́ос, хао́с |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| find out глагол | узнава́ть, узна́ть | |
| think over глагол | обду́мать | |
| look up глагол | /ˌlʊk ˈʌp/ | улучша́ться |
| turn out глагол | ока́зываться, оказа́ться |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Условные предложения if + предложение, will/would + глагол — условие и его результат | if they don't have the free will the |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | have just seen · you've never experienced · have had |
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | is predetermined · can be argued · be made |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | people who actually · guy who was · people who cannot |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 56 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например don't, you're, I'm. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: compassion /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/, conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/, shake /ˈʃeɪk/, partial /ˈpɑɹʃəl/, determination /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: perimeter /pɪˈɹɪm.ɪ.tə/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, uncertainty /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как puppet, perimeter, string.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.