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Chuck, we've got to talk about energy.

I have to tell you, I'm conserving my energy right now.

Energy is just in our vocabulary, and it's used so glibly.

Yeah.

I need energy.

There's an energy bar.

We talk about it, but it means something very specific in physics.

Isn't that the E in the MC squared?

Yes.

That is the E, right?

Yes.

Good old Einstein.

So what I want to talk about is how energy moves from one place to another.

Oh, I thought you meant move like on a dance floor, like an electric shock I was about to go with.

A little pop and lock.

Electric shock or electric slide?

Look at you.

I'm saying.

I refuse to electric slide, though.

All right.

So there are three and only three ways energy can move.

Ooh.

Yeah.

Okay.

No, there's a fourth way.

You have a gallon of gasoline.

Okay.

And you pick it up and take it over there.

Okay.

All right.

You just moved energy.

Or did you?

Or did you just move potential energy?

Yes.

You had the molecules these are gas molecules, that contain energy built within them, you pick it up and take it somewhere else.

So that's one way to move.

You move the energy.

You move the potential energy.

The potential energy.

Yes.

Okay.

So that's one way to do that.

Okay.

That's not the way we're talking about here.

One way is the slowest way.

Okay.

It's called conduction.

Alright.

So here's how that happens.

You have a fireplace poker, and you're standing in front of a fireplace.

Okay.

And you poke in it.

If you stay there too long, eventually what happens?

You need some Neosporin.

Need a little Neosporin.

Your hand burns.

Yes.

Okay?

But not immediately.

Okay.

Okay?

So the tip of the fireplace poker gets hot.

Right.

And those molecules vibrate.

Okay?

Because the vibration of molecules is a measure of how much heat energy is there.

And as they vibrate, how about the molecule that's up road a bit?

It wants some of that action too.

Right.

So the vibration then hits that.

It starts vibrating with it.

A little, a little, a little, a little simmy, a little simmy.

Okay.

A little simmy, simmy.

It works its way up.

Right.

Slowly, but it finally gets there, and eventually your handle starts feeling warm.

Right.

And usually you would take action by then.

You'd get a, you know, a potholder or something.

Yeah.

And so that's conduction.

And it might take 20 minutes.

Right.

To get heat from the fireplace up the length of your thing.

Okay?

That's slow.

That is slow.

And thank God.

You didn't have to thank God for that.

Okay, it's physics.

Well, thank physics.

But you know right now, somebody is watching and they're like, I'm sure Neil doesn't know that God made physics.

Okay, that's fine.

That's fine.

I'm just saying.

So that's one way energy moves.

Another way is convection.

Convection.

100

Very efficient.

101

And to have convection, you need gravity okay isn't that interesting but see when you say you need gravity

102

immediately i was thinking well don't you need something to just move the heat

103

because normally when we think of convection we think of the oven convection oven well no

104

so convection oven is badly named is it nothing convects in a convection oven oh no well

105

you know you sorry

106

i didn't mean like what what what how much of your

107

life was invested in the knowledge of what a convection oven does i'm gonna tell you how much

108

i know you have an existential angst here i don't know what to believe now about anything you telling me

109

that the convection oven is not it does not no not not in the least

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you know what does convect a regular oven a get okay so the non -convection oven is the convection oven.

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Yes.

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And cats are sleeping with dogs.

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Oh, my God.

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So here's how convection works.

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You have fluid.

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All right.

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And fluid, in physics, chemistry speak, is a medium.

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Is a medium that takes the shape of its container.

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Right.

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Water takes the shape of its container.

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Absolutely.

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You have a heat source down here.

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Okay.

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And you have your medium.

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Right.

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The medium gets hot.

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It expands.

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Right.

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Now it's less dense than its surrounding medium.

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Uh -huh.

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If you're less dense, you ascend.

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Ascend, right.

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There you go.

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And as you do that, you leave a partial vacuum behind.

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Which sucks up.

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Other air that has not yet been heated.

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This is very efficient.

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Yes.

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Because you heated this, now you got it out of the way, bringing more stuff to heat.

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Okay.

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It's not waiting for one molecule to touch another molecule.

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It's body and soul bringing hot fluid from one place to another.

143

So a regular oven, where is the heat source?

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It's in the oven.

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Where in the oven?

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Oh, it's at the bottom.

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At the bottom, of course.

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It's at the bottom, yeah.

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It's at the bottom.

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Unless you're broiling.

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We haven't gotten there yet.

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Oh, okay.

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You're jumping ahead.

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All right, I'm jumping ahead because I'm hungry.

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Okay.

156

So, heat source is at the bottom.

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Right.

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It heats the air at the bottom of the oven.

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It rises up.

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Cool air replaces it.

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Gotcha.

162

Regular oven is a convection oven.

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That's wild.

164

So, a convection oven, they just stick fans in there.

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That's it.

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They're just moving the air.

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They're just moving the air according to their own...

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However they do it.

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However the cavity wants to do it.

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Damn.

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And they know that moving air will cook food faster.

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Because how does heat transfer into the food by conduction if it's just sitting there, okay?

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But if you move the air quickly, you've got a fresh, hot molecule hitting it every single time, okay?

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Right.

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And so moving air, moving fluid will always transfer heat faster.

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Right?

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That's why.

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But that's not the convection.

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That's just a fan.

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That's just a fan.

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I can't tell you.

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I don't know how pissed off I am about this.

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It's why there's such a thing as a wind chill factor.

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Makes sense.

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Okay.

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Or the real field temperature, as they call it.

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I never heard that.

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The real field?

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Yeah, they're like, it's...

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Is that a Philadelphia term?

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No!

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I've never heard that before this moment.

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No, meteorologists do this all the time.

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Real field?

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Yeah, they're like 32 today, but the real field temperature would be around 23.

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Okay.

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Yeah.

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So what's happening there is you have cold air moving across your body.

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Right.

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And the moving air will transfer heat faster.

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And where's the heat coming from?

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Me.

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Yes.

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So it's coming from me and leaving me.

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So the stationary air would not feel as cold to you as moving air at the same temperature.

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Because it's whisking away your body heat.

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Yeah, I wish we had real feel money.

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That's all I'm saying.

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Yeah, but what I gave you might not look like $100.

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But the real deal is that.

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Also, this thing about heat flow, if one thing is hotter than the other thing and they come in contact,

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heat will move from the hotter thing to the colder thing.

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Every time.

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Yeah, I know.

215

That's why my heating bill is so damn high because I live in a drafty house and the heat is constantly moving.

216

You're heating the rest of the earth.

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I'm heating the rest of the earth.

218

You heat this, give unto my neighbors.

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Exactly.

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Exactly.

221

So, for example, you shake someone's hand.

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If their hand is cold, your hand is warm to them.

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Right.

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100 % of the time.

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There's no exception to this.

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I also know this because I'm anemic.

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Oh, is that right?

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Yes.

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Okay.

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Yeah.

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Okay.

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So it's also what happens if you jump into bed with your loved one.

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Thank God.

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I didn't know where you were going.

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And you say, oh, you're nice and warm.

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Right.

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There's only one reply to that.

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No, you are cold.

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You are cold.

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You both cannot be warm at the same time.

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Are you trying to tell me something?

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Like, first of all, is there a problem here?

243

Because it's been quite some time.

244

Third way, radiation.

245

Okay.

246

That sounds bad because the word radiation means bad things in modern times.

247

Like, I live in an old house, so it's not a bad thing to me.

248

It's how I get all my heat.

249

Oh, with radiator.

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Radiator.

251

Oh, yeah, yeah.

252

Except your radiators are not actually radiating.

253

my convection number is not convecting my radiator heat ain't radiating yeah i'm gonna tell you

254

next thing you want to tell me is my house is not even my house

255

i got some bad news for you

256

so radiation is simply the movement of photons from one place to another really that's all it is

257

so that happens at the speed of light at the speed of light right okay

258

So, when you have a broiler, it's not convecting.

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The top is feeling the radiant photons from that heating element.

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From that burner up top.

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From that burner at the top.

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Gotcha.

263

Okay.

264

Oh, my God.

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That's why it only cooks on one side. Of course.

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Right. Of course.

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Because that side is what's facing.

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That's the side that's facing the radiation.

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It's facing the radiation.

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You already know radiant heat goes only in straight lines and it's photons.

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Do you know how you know this?

272

If you're sitting in front of a fireplace in the winter and somebody walks in front of you, it gets cooler.

273

In that instant, it's cooler.

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Did the air temperature change?

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No. You're just not feeling the heat from the fire.

276

Why in a summertime are you cooler standing under a tree?

277

The air isn't differently temperatured under the tree.

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It's just that you stepped out of the sunlight.

279

Out of the direct rays of the sun.

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Direct rays of the sunlight.

281

Right.

282

What you experience as the temperature of your life is not only the air temperature, but how much radiant energy is coming towards you.

283

Heat can transfer by conduction, convection, radiation.

284

Your radiator.

285

Which is not a radiator.

286

I don't know if you heard, but my radiator is not a radiator.

287

So your radiator has these.

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Many sections to it.

289

Yeah, they're like cells.

290

Yeah, think of it as like cells, right.

291

And so there's hot water typically that goes through.

292

It could be steam.

293

And each of these gets hot.

294

They're all facing each other.

295

When they emit, it'll be infrared, it'll just hit the other one.

296

What good is that?

297

But what it does is it heats the air between the cells.

298

And then what does the air do?

299

Well, it rises.

300

Rises!

301

Right.

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More air comes in below.

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Due to convection.

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Due to convection.

305

Yes.

306

So you don't have radiators.

307

You know what I need with my radiator?

308

A fan.

309

That would rapidly turn your radiator into a fake convection oven.

310

Right.

311

And your radiator would be way more efficient than it already is from convection by putting a fan across your radiator.

312

Your radiator is not radiating.

313

Wow.

314

It is radiating, but that's not what's heating the room.

315

Convection is heating the room.

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Correct.

317

Even though the radiator is radiating, it's not a radiator heater.

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Correct.

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It's just a radiator.

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Correct.

321

That's not radiating.

322

And the space heaters that you buy, that you see the red filament, when you're right in front of it, you feel that heat.

323

Right.

324

Okay, that's also heating the air, so there's some convection going on, but a space heater right in front of you,

325

that's why you usually want to be right next to him.

326

That's why you're right next to him.

327

You don't put the space heater behind the couch, okay?

328

It's in front of you.

329

You do if you need insurance payments.

330

i don't know where i went with

331

that okay three ways to move energy right okay now there's all

332

this talk about putting data centers in space many people think

333

space is cold everybody does think space is cold not many

334

people no no here's the thing temperature is a statistical average of the vibration of molecules.

335

Nice.

336

In whatever it is you're trying to measure.

337

Gotcha.

338

All right?

339

So you stick a thermometer here.

340

We say it's 72 degrees.

341

Right.

342

The air molecules around it are vibrating such that in our metrics, it's 72 degrees.

343

Gotcha.

344

Right here.

345

Right.

346

Go near an oven, they're vibrating a little faster.

347

Faster, so it's a little higher.

348

Go inside the oven, it's even higher.

349

Right.

350

Gotcha.

351

Okay?

352

Okay.

353

All right.

354

Go out to space.

355

Right.

356

Where there's no air.

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No air.

358

The temperature of the thermometer has no meaning.

359

So data centers in space is BS.

360

No, no, no. Let me not say that.

361

Okay.

362

In space, where there is no air, there can be no convection.

363

Right.

364

There is no conducting heat away from the system

365

because there's nothing to conduct the heat to because you're just this thing in space.

366

Okay?

367

Unless you have this vessel that connects.

368

Say, give me all your heat, give me all your heat.

369

Something that sucks the heat away.

370

Okay, but then it then has to get rid of that heat.

371

Right.

372

Okay, so the only way you can get rid of heat in space is through radiation.

373

So, heat's created over here.

374

Generally, you'll have some fluid that conductively grabs the heat from it

375

and brings it to a place where you can radiate it away.

376

A surface that's broad and wide.

377

You run the piping on the back of it.

378

Right.

379

The heat gets into that panel, and the panel radiates it out.

380

Like radiant floor heat.

381

Thank you.

382

Yeah.

383

Exactly like radiant floor heat, except you're doing that on purpose.

384

You're doing it on purpose.

385

You're not trying to release it because it's bad.

386

Right.

387

All right.

388

Have you ever seen the space shuttle in orbit without its bay open?

389

The panel's open?

390

No. It's always open.

391

Yeah.

392

Those are radiating surfaces.

393

Ah, that's the deal.

394

Everything that makes heat.

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Everything.

396

Right.

397

The heat's got to go somewhere.

398

Right.

399

You make heat.

400

You're sitting here at 98 .6 degrees.

401

Yes.

402

Air temperature is 72.

403

You're making heat.

404

I'm hot as hell.

405

Okay.

406

And that heat is leaving your body somehow.

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Somehow.

408

You're sweating.

409

It's evaporating.

410

Right.

411

On a space shuttle, it doesn't just go into nowhere.

412

That has to be whisked away and radiated away.

413

And properly conceived sci -fi spaceships have radiating panel sections to get rid of all their heat.

414

And the ones that don't have that, they have no idea what they're talking about.

415

That's super cool.

416

Cool or hot?

417

No. I see what you did there.

418

So in space, don't think it's cold just as a matter of principle.

419

It really doesn't have much of a relevance.

420

It's not relevant.

421

Yeah.

422

That's correct.

423

It doesn't have much relevance to the idea that space is cold.

424

And here's an interesting fact about convection.

425

It might have been Apollo 13 where they went to the moon but didn't land because something bad happened.

426

Right.

427

And on the way back and they have to conserve their energy, they figured out.

428

that as the cabin got colder and colder, if you just sit there and don't move,

429

your body heats the air around you.

430

Right.

431

And the air doesn't go anywhere.

432

You become your own radiator.

433

You become your own insulated radiator.

434

You radiated.

435

There's also conduction, which touches your skin.

436

But you create a little pocket.

437

of warm air that does not convect away from you.

438

Right.

439

And so they stayed warm in their own air pocket that they kept warm by their own body temperature.

440

That's nice.

441

It's all because they were in zero G.

442

Look at that.

443

And if you're clever, you know that this is how you can solve that.

444

If you're clever and, you know, just happen to be in space and, you know, facing a tragedy where you got to sit completely still.

445

Yeah, if you just happen to be in that situation.

446

Well, this is the good thing about physics, because your understanding of physics is, in fact, your understanding of the universe itself.

447

Ooh, look at that.

448

It's not just a pocket of information that you look up in a manual.

449

Right.

450

It is how the universe works.

451

Yeah, so the next time somebody tells you physics is useless, kids, they're lying to you.

452

Especially when you're stuck in space.

453

Especially when you're stuck in space and you need to make your own pocket of warmth.

454

Just saying.

455

Just saying.

456

So that's how energy moves.

457

Well, that was fun.

458

Oh, and one other thing.

459

Uh -huh.

460

There's energy in the center of the earth.

461

You know how it gets out?

462

It convects.

463

Oh.

464

Okay.

465

That doesn't sound very good.

466

Okay.

467

I've got to tell you.

468

You can't convect unless you're some kind of a fluid.

469

Right.

470

And what is that fluid?

471

I think it's called lava.

472

Okay.

473

When it's underground, it's called magma.

474

Magma.

475

Magma.

476

When it's spilling in.

477

When it's spilled out.

478

The floor is hot lava at that point.

479

Right.

480

So it's convection.

481

It's that convection that drives continental drift.

482

Right.

483

The whole continents are moving, subducting, coming around.

484

That's convection.

485

The heat has to get out of the Earth somehow.

486

And it's convecting out.

487

And hopefully it doesn't get out through the top of a mountain.

488

Well, that would be called a volcano, and that's an even more efficient way to get rid of your heat.

489

I love that you call that efficient.

490

Earth is just being...

491

I just see the people in Vesuvius.

492

It's okay.

493

The Earth's just being efficient.

494

I think you mean Pompeii.

495

I'm sorry, Pompeii.

496

They weren't in Vesuvius.

497

Right, the volcano was Vesuvius.

498

Vesuvius was the one doing it.

499

And don't forget the people in Herculano.

500

Yes.

501

That's the second city.

502

No one ever says anything about that.

503

Yeah, that's a whole other city leveled by Vesuvius. By Vesuvius.

504

That's all I got for you.

505

That was good.

506

That's energy.

507

No, that was great.

508

All right, this has been another explainer.

509

Let's call this the Energy in Motion edition.

510

Ooh.

511

Ooh, yeah.

512

Thanks for being here, Chuck.

513

Always a pleasure.

514

Neil deGrasse Tyson, you're a personal astrophysicist.

515

Keep looking up.

516

We'll be right back.

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «It’s Not As Simple As Putting Data Centers in Space». Чаще всего повторяются слова: heat, convection, energy, radiator, oven. В этом видео 516 предложений и 3103 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 17:23. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 179 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. 84% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
oven существительное	/ˈʌ.vn̩/	печь, пе́чка
molecule существительное	/ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/	моле́кула
physics существительное	/ˈfɪz.ɪks/	фи́зика
radiation существительное	/ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/	излуче́ние
fluid существительное	/ˈflu.ɪd/	жи́дкость, флюи́д
efficient прилагательное	/ɪˈfɪʃənt/	эффекти́вный
fireplace существительное	/ˈfaɪɹpleɪs/	ками́н, оча́г
pocket существительное	/ˈpɑ.kɪt/	карма́н, карма́шек
heater существительное	/ˈhitɚ/	обогрева́тель, печь
vibration существительное	/vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/	вибра́ция
shock существительное	/ʃɔk/	уда́р
suck глагол	/sʌk/	соса́ть, вса́сывать
slide существительное	/ˈslaɪ̯d/	го́рка
clever прилагательное	/ˈklɛv.ɚ/	иску́сный, ло́вкий
gravity существительное	/ˈɡɹævɪti/	серьёзность, ва́жность

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Произношение	Значение
come around глагол	/kʌ.məˈɹaʊnd/	переду́мать
figure out глагол		разбира́ться, разобра́ться
look up глагол	/ˌlʊk ˈʌp/	улучша́ться

Фразы, которые стоит повторять

Короткие законченные фразы из видео, которые пригодятся в повседневном разговоре:

If you stay there too long, eventually what happens?
Are you trying to tell me something?
Do you know how you know this?
You know what I need with my radiator?
You know how it gets out?

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	is badly named · was invested · been heated
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	haven't gotten · I've never heard · it's been

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 89 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например you're, I'm, don't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «th»: warmth /wɔɹmθ/, thermometer /θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/
Звуки «sh» и «zh»: radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, shock /ʃɔk/, shuttle /ˈʃʌtəl/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, statistical /stəˈtɪs.tɪ.kəl/, vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, stationary /ˈsteɪʃəˌnɛɹi/

Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:

/w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: nowhere /ˈnoʊ.(h)wɛɹ/, sweat /swɛt/, warmth /wɔɹmθ/, whisk /ˈwɪsk/
/h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: heater /ˈhitɚ/, hungry /ˈhʌŋ.ɡɹi/, nowhere /ˈnoʊ.(h)wɛɹ/
Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: fluid /ˈflu.ɪd/, slide /ˈslaɪ̯d/, solve /sɒlv/, refuse /ɹɪˈfjuːz/, expand /ɪkˈspænd/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как oven, molecule, physics.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

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Практика Shadowing: It’s Not As Simple As Putting Data Centers in Space - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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Что такое техника Shadowing?