Pratica di Shadowing: Contemporary Topics 3 Unit 1 COMMUNICATION STUDIES Slang ang language change - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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114 frasi
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The first thing to say about language change is it's inevitable.
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Language is a living thing, constantly expanding, evolving, and adapting to the humans who use it.
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We see language change in all areas of language.
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Syntax, phonology, orthography, and semantics.
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For now, let's just focus on semantics and on one particular area of semantic change which always grabs people's attention.
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Slang.
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We all recognize slang, we all use slang, and we use it for a reason.
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It gives our language a special feel and says something about us.
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So, I'm going to talk a bit about what slang is, who uses it and why,
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where it comes from, and how it is received. So, what is slang?
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Here's a definition you might want to jot down.
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Now, slang is informal language which tends to be associated with particular groups of people and therefore helps define their identity.
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Slang often breeds among deprived groups or groups we think of as secretive or underground or non-conforming.
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Today though, these associations are becoming much weaker and now everyone uses slang.
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So let me home in on this idea of identity as it leads us into the question of why people use slang.
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A lot of slang comes from people not wanting to be understood by those outside their group.
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We typically think of using language in order to be understood, but another use of language is to prevent understanding.
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use exclusive or private language to give their group a distinct identity.
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With slang, people can tease one another, enjoy shared experiences, and keep everyone else at a distance.
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All cultures have groups or subcultures who want to be separate,
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and yet they want people to know who they are and what they stand for, and slang helps to construct that identity.
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We can say then that slang reflects the experiences, beliefs, and values of its speakers.
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By using the slang associated with a particular social group, you're staking a claim to membership of that group.
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Being in group denotes inclusion or acceptance because you play by the group's rules.
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Being out group is the opposite.
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It's being excluded.
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Ever notice how non-native speakers are so eager to learn slang even before they have a basic grasp of the language?
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Well, that's because it's a signal of integration, of membership.
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I speak this language.
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I belong.
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In a word, slang is cohesive.
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Now, let's look at the personal benefits of using slang.
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First, when you use slang well, you show that you're in tune with the times, that you know what is culturally in fashion, and you're part of it.
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Using slang makes you desirable.
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The second benefit of using slang that you demonstrate your mastery of the situation.
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You become an expert.
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This is because slang is only used in certain settings, and knowing how and when to use it, or when not to use it,
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gives you a kind of status.
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A third benefit of using slang is that it allows you to share social and emotional experiences, so it reinforces your relationships.
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For example, if you say to your friend, My new sound system is really safe.
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You're saying more than just, it's very good.
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Your use of slang equates sharing an emotional experience.
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And a fourth benefit of using slang is, it's fun.
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It's often humorous and very creative, like poetry.
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The semanticist S.I.
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Hayakawa actually described slang as the poetry of everyday life.
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In other words, slang is also a form of play or entertainment.
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So, what are the major inspirations for slang?
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Well, there are a few that never seem to go out of fashion.
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I'm talking about love and romance.
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It's also used for emotional expressions of like and dislike, and you can probably think of dozens of them.
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These particular slang terms seem to have a pretty short life.
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They're being replaced by newer words and phrases all the time.
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And like I said, if you want to stay cool, you've got to keep up with the changes.
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But there's another category of slang term that's really taken off recently.
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And that's the slang of new technology.
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Things like personal computers, the internet, email, and mobile technology.
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These things have become one of the richest sources of slang, and there are tons of websites designed to celebrate or decode that slang.
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Here we see certain, often youthful communities, using this to distance themselves from the technologically challenged older generations.
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So, we've seen what slang is, who uses it and why, and what inspires it, but what about the present day attitudes towards it?
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Well, slang may be widespread and no longer taboo in the way it once was, but that doesn't mean everybody likes it.
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Some see it as decadent and insist on associating it with groups they see as undesirable or uneducated.
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They see themselves as guardians of the language and view any kind of change as change for the worse.
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In my opinion, this is absurd.
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I personally think slang is a sign of life, vibrancy, and beauty in language.
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As I said at the outset, language is a living thing and will always change.
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Yet, it seems like people are programmed to view any language change negatively.
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Okay, so I'd like to summarize now today's main points with a quotation from linguist Tony Thorne who says,
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Slang often performs an important social function,
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which is to include into or exclude from the intimate circle.
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So, yes, it may still have negative connotations, but slang is here to stay.
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It even has taken on an aura of respectability by becoming the subject of serious academic study.
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And why not?
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As I've tried to show, it's a fascinating social and linguistic phenomenon.
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It was an interesting lecture, but I have to say, I found a couple of parts confusing.
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Really?
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Like what?
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Well, he said that language change is inevitable, right?
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Yeah, it's like a living thing.
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I guess that means all living things develop, change, you know?
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Okay, and that we can't stop change from happening.
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Is that how everyone took it?
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So far we're with you.
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But later he seemed to say that groups choose to change language.
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That is, they use slang because they want to make a statement or create their own identities.
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Yeah, okay.
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So what's the confusion?
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Well, presumably, if they can choose to change language by using slang, that means they can also choose not to use it.
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Right?
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And if they can choose not to use it...
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Ah, then they're not changing.
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They're choosing not to change the language.
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It's a choice, you're saying.
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I see your point.
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Thank you.
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So, isn't that a contradiction?
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No, I don't think so.
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What he meant was that language change will happen generally.
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That there will always be events, groups, or someone out there playing with the language, creating slang.
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Right.
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Maybe it's because communication requires us to adapt to new conditions.
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So we change the language to adapt.
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That's the inevitable part.
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It's going to happen.
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History shows us that.
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Oh, okay.
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But it isn't inevitable in any particular group or in any particular case.
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You're right about that.
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Individuals have a choice about how they speak.
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Makes sense?
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Yeah, yeah.
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I think I get it now.
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Hey, thanks guys.
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That was a sweet explanation.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questo video contiene 114 frasi e 1230 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 9:04. Chi parla mantiene un ritmo costante di circa 136 parole al minuto, comodo per lo shadowing. Il 83% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese; conviene studiare le altre prima di iniziare.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| inevitable aggettivo | /ɪˈnɛvɪtəbəl/ | inevitabile |
| adapt verbo | /əˈdæpt/ | adattare |
| membership sostantivo | iscrizione, appartenenza | |
| poetry sostantivo | /ˈpoʊ.ə.tɹi/ | poesia |
| everyday aggettivo | /ˈɛvɹiˌdeɪ/ | quotidiano, giornaliero |
| belief sostantivo | /bɪˈliːf/ | credito, credenza |
| explanation sostantivo | /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/ | spiegazione, esplicazione |
| inspiration sostantivo | /ˌɪn.spɪˈɹeɪ.ʃən/ | inspirazione, inalazione |
| reflect verbo | /ɹɪˈflɛkt/ | riflettere |
| expand verbo | /ɪkˈspænd/ | estendere, espandere |
| romance sostantivo | /roʊˈmæn(t)s/ | storia d'amore |
| underground aggettivo | /ˌʌn.dəɹˈɡɹaʊnd/ | sotterraneo |
| define verbo | /dɪˈfaɪn/ | definire, determinare |
| phrase sostantivo | /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/ | espressione, polirematica |
| distinct aggettivo | /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ | chiaro |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| keep up with verbo | tenere dietro a |
| take off verbo | togliere |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | is received · be associated · be understood |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | have become · we've seen · has taken |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 21 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come you're, they're, I'm. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “th”: youthful /ˈjuθfəl/, orthography /ɔɹˈθɑɡɹəfi/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, inspiration /ˌɪn.spɪˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, integration /ˌɪn.tɪˈɡɹeɪ.ʃən/, confusion /kənˈfjuːʒən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: inevitable /ɪˈnɛvɪtəbəl/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, inspiration /ˌɪn.spɪˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, integration /ˌɪn.tɪˈɡɹeɪ.ʃən/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come inevitable, adapt, membership.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.