Shadowing Practice: Contemporary Topics 3 Unit 1 COMMUNICATION STUDIES Slang ang language change - Learn English Speaking with Video
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The first thing to say about language change is it's inevitable.
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Language is a living thing, constantly expanding, evolving, and adapting to the humans who use it.
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We see language change in all areas of language.
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Syntax, phonology, orthography, and semantics.
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For now, let's just focus on semantics and on one particular area of semantic change which always grabs people's attention.
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Slang.
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We all recognize slang, we all use slang, and we use it for a reason.
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It gives our language a special feel and says something about us.
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So, I'm going to talk a bit about what slang is, who uses it and why,
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where it comes from, and how it is received. So, what is slang?
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Here's a definition you might want to jot down.
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Now, slang is informal language which tends to be associated with particular groups of people and therefore helps define their identity.
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Slang often breeds among deprived groups or groups we think of as secretive or underground or non-conforming.
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Today though, these associations are becoming much weaker and now everyone uses slang.
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So let me home in on this idea of identity as it leads us into the question of why people use slang.
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A lot of slang comes from people not wanting to be understood by those outside their group.
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We typically think of using language in order to be understood, but another use of language is to prevent understanding.
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use exclusive or private language to give their group a distinct identity.
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With slang, people can tease one another, enjoy shared experiences, and keep everyone else at a distance.
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All cultures have groups or subcultures who want to be separate,
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and yet they want people to know who they are and what they stand for, and slang helps to construct that identity.
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We can say then that slang reflects the experiences, beliefs, and values of its speakers.
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By using the slang associated with a particular social group, you're staking a claim to membership of that group.
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Being in group denotes inclusion or acceptance because you play by the group's rules.
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Being out group is the opposite.
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It's being excluded.
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Ever notice how non-native speakers are so eager to learn slang even before they have a basic grasp of the language?
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Well, that's because it's a signal of integration, of membership.
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I speak this language.
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I belong.
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In a word, slang is cohesive.
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Now, let's look at the personal benefits of using slang.
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First, when you use slang well, you show that you're in tune with the times, that you know what is culturally in fashion, and you're part of it.
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Using slang makes you desirable.
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The second benefit of using slang that you demonstrate your mastery of the situation.
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You become an expert.
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This is because slang is only used in certain settings, and knowing how and when to use it, or when not to use it,
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gives you a kind of status.
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A third benefit of using slang is that it allows you to share social and emotional experiences, so it reinforces your relationships.
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For example, if you say to your friend, My new sound system is really safe.
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You're saying more than just, it's very good.
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Your use of slang equates sharing an emotional experience.
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And a fourth benefit of using slang is, it's fun.
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It's often humorous and very creative, like poetry.
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The semanticist S.I.
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Hayakawa actually described slang as the poetry of everyday life.
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In other words, slang is also a form of play or entertainment.
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So, what are the major inspirations for slang?
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Well, there are a few that never seem to go out of fashion.
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I'm talking about love and romance.
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It's also used for emotional expressions of like and dislike, and you can probably think of dozens of them.
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These particular slang terms seem to have a pretty short life.
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They're being replaced by newer words and phrases all the time.
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And like I said, if you want to stay cool, you've got to keep up with the changes.
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But there's another category of slang term that's really taken off recently.
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And that's the slang of new technology.
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Things like personal computers, the internet, email, and mobile technology.
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These things have become one of the richest sources of slang, and there are tons of websites designed to celebrate or decode that slang.
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Here we see certain, often youthful communities, using this to distance themselves from the technologically challenged older generations.
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So, we've seen what slang is, who uses it and why, and what inspires it, but what about the present day attitudes towards it?
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Well, slang may be widespread and no longer taboo in the way it once was, but that doesn't mean everybody likes it.
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Some see it as decadent and insist on associating it with groups they see as undesirable or uneducated.
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They see themselves as guardians of the language and view any kind of change as change for the worse.
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In my opinion, this is absurd.
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I personally think slang is a sign of life, vibrancy, and beauty in language.
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As I said at the outset, language is a living thing and will always change.
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Yet, it seems like people are programmed to view any language change negatively.
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Okay, so I'd like to summarize now today's main points with a quotation from linguist Tony Thorne who says,
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Slang often performs an important social function,
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which is to include into or exclude from the intimate circle.
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So, yes, it may still have negative connotations, but slang is here to stay.
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It even has taken on an aura of respectability by becoming the subject of serious academic study.
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And why not?
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As I've tried to show, it's a fascinating social and linguistic phenomenon.
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It was an interesting lecture, but I have to say, I found a couple of parts confusing.
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Really?
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Like what?
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Well, he said that language change is inevitable, right?
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Yeah, it's like a living thing.
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I guess that means all living things develop, change, you know?
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Okay, and that we can't stop change from happening.
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Is that how everyone took it?
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So far we're with you.
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But later he seemed to say that groups choose to change language.
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That is, they use slang because they want to make a statement or create their own identities.
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Yeah, okay.
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So what's the confusion?
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Well, presumably, if they can choose to change language by using slang, that means they can also choose not to use it.
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Right?
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And if they can choose not to use it...
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Ah, then they're not changing.
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They're choosing not to change the language.
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It's a choice, you're saying.
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I see your point.
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Thank you.
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So, isn't that a contradiction?
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No, I don't think so.
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What he meant was that language change will happen generally.
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That there will always be events, groups, or someone out there playing with the language, creating slang.
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Right.
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Maybe it's because communication requires us to adapt to new conditions.
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So we change the language to adapt.
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That's the inevitable part.
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It's going to happen.
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History shows us that.
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Oh, okay.
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But it isn't inevitable in any particular group or in any particular case.
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You're right about that.
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Individuals have a choice about how they speak.
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Makes sense?
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Yeah, yeah.
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I think I get it now.
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Hey, thanks guys.
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That was a sweet explanation.
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 114 cümle ve 1230 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 9:04 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 136 kelimelik dengeli bir hızla konuşuyor; gölgeleme için rahat bir tempo. Kelimelerin %83’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında; geri kalanına başlamadan önce bakmakta fayda var.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodan öğrenmeye değer 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| inevitable sıfat | /ɪˈnɛvɪtəbəl/ | kaçınılmaz |
| associate isim | /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/ | iştirakçi, ortak |
| adapt fiil | /əˈdæpt/ | uydurmak, adapte etmek |
| membership isim | üyelik | |
| poetry isim | /ˈpoʊ.ə.tɹi/ | şiir |
| everyday sıfat | /ˈɛvɹiˌdeɪ/ | gündelik |
| explanation isim | /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/ | açıklama |
| inspiration isim | /ˌɪn.spɪˈɹeɪ.ʃən/ | ilham |
| reflect fiil | /ɹɪˈflɛkt/ | yansıtmak |
| romance isim | /roʊˈmæn(t)s/ | romans |
| underground sıfat | /ˌʌn.dəɹˈɡɹaʊnd/ | yer altı, underground |
| phrase isim | /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/ | deyim, tabir |
| ton isim | /tʌn/ | ton |
| confusion isim | /kənˈfjuːʒən/ | teşevvüş |
| widespread sıfat | /ˌwaɪdˈspɹɛd/ | yaygın |
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | is received · be associated · be understood |
| Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem | have become · we've seen · has taken |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı you're, they're, I'm gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 21 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “th” sesleri: youthful /ˈjuθfəl/, orthography /ɔɹˈθɑɡɹəfi/
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, inspiration /ˌɪn.spɪˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, integration /ˌɪn.tɪˈɡɹeɪ.ʃən/, confusion /kənˈfjuːʒən/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: inevitable /ɪˈnɛvɪtəbəl/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, inspiration /ˌɪn.spɪˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, integration /ˌɪn.tɪˈɡɹeɪ.ʃən/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- Normal hızda cümle cümle tekrar edin; ritminiz konuşmacıyla aynı olana kadar her cümleyi yineleyin.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; inevitable, associate, adapt gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.