Pratica di Shadowing: How do SSDs Work? | How does your Smartphone store data? | Insanely Complex Nanoscopic Structures! - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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It's hard to believe that all your photos, videos, music, messages and apps can be stored in the palm of your hand.
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And to most of us, it's a mystery how so much information can fit in such a small space.
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But it might not seem so surprising
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when you see the complexity inside your smartphone
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or the inside of this one terabyte solid state drive commonly found in laptops or computers.
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However, as seeing the outside of this memory storage microchip tells us little about how these smartphones
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and solid -state drives can store tens of thousands of photos and files,
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let's explore deeper and zoom in until we get to a nanoscopic view.
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And it's here that we can see the structures called VNAND that hold all the data in your smartphone and computer.
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Here's where the real magic happens.
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Every picture, message, and bit of information gets saved as quantities of electrons inside these memory cells,
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which are called charge -trapped flash.
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And in this episode, we'll learn how smartphone memory and solid -state drives work.
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Now, hold on.
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These insanely small and intricate structures seem very complex.
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And yeah, they are.
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I'm not going to say this marvel of engineering is simple, but you have to trust me.
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Stick around.
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Watch closely.
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Maybe watch this video twice.
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And by the end of it, this technology will amaze you.
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It'll blow your mind at least twice over.
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And yeah, you'll have a thorough understanding as to how such a small device can store weeks of high -quality video,
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tens of thousands of pictures or hundreds of thousands of songs in such an itty -bitty little space.
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So, let's get started.
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We're going to use a real -life example and explore how it works
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when you save a picture to your smartphone or computer.
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First, this picture is made up of pixels, and each pixel has a color.
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So let's zoom in so that we can see the individual pixels.
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The color of every pixel is defined by a combination of three numbers, ranging from 0 to 255,
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each representing red, green, or blue.
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For example, the numbers would be 55, 53, 55 for this pixel's color right here,
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and then 124, 121, and 119 for this pixel.
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Each of these three numbers from 0 to 255 is represented by 8 bits in binary,
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or 8 ones and zeros, you know, because computers work in binary.
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So three colors, red, green, and blue, and 8 bits each,
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means each pixel takes 24 bits to define its color.
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This picture is a grid of colored pixels.
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So let's turn it into a grid of values, kind of like a spreadsheet in Excel, but called an array instead of a spreadsheet.
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This array of bits is what your computer cares about,
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and, non -coincidentally, it's also the information that the camera on my smartphone recorded when I took the picture.
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One quick note.
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If you want to see the pixels in any picture, just open it in an image editing program like Paint,
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or 3D Paint in this case, and zoom in.
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And then if you want to see the red, green, and blue, or RGB values, just use the eyedropper, click on a pixel,
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and then click on the Edit Color option.
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Right here you can see the three values for red, green, and blue, and the resulting color.
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Okay, with that covered, let's get back to the episode.
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First, we're going to zoom out to see the full picture, which is 3 ,024 pixels wide and 4 ,032 pixels tall,
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which is a total of around 12 million pixels,
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or 12 megapixels, which relates to the resolution of the 12 megapixel camera on my smartphone.
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Next, by doing some multiplication, we calculate that an array of this size, where each pixel is defined by 24 bits,
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or 24 zeros or ones,
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only requires 293 million bits or a unique set of 293 million zeros or ones.
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That's a ton of bits.
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So let's figure out how your smartphone or the solid -state drive seamlessly stores every single one of them.
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Okay, so let's open up that solid -state drive again and zoom into a simplified nanoscopic view,
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kind of like the one we had earlier.
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It's here that we can see the memory cells that are used in every single one of your smartphones or tablets.
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as well as inside the solid -state drive in your computer.
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This is the basic unit of a computer's long -term memory storage, and it's called charge -trap flash memory.
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So, how does it work?
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Well, in each cell, we can store information by placing different levels of electrons onto a charge -trap,
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which is the key component inside the memory cell.
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Older technology could only store two different levels of electrons.
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A lot of electrons or very few electrons, which were used to store a single bit as a one or zero.
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However,
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engineers have been developing more finely tuned capabilities for trapping and measuring different amounts of electrons or charges onto the charge trap.
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Most memory cells in 2020 can hold eight different levels, but newer technology can have 16 different levels of electrons.
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This means that a single cell, instead of holding only one bit as a lot of electrons or no electrons, can now hold three or more bits.
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For this example, we're going to stick with three bits.
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So, in this cell, if we were to have very few electrons on it, it would be 1, 1,
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1, while some electrons get designated as 1, 0, 0 and a lot of electrons are zero zero zero.
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There are eight different levels for all the various amounts of electron charges
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that our charge trap can be set or written to.
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The key to the charge trap is that it is specially designed
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so that after it gets charged with electrons it can hold onto those electrons for decades
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which is how information is saved or written to the solid state drive.
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I mean, it's called a charge trap for a reason.
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It traps electrons, or charges, for years on end.
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And in order to read the information, the electron charge level is measured and the amount of charge on the charge trap is unchanged.
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However, in order to erase the contents of a memory cell, all the electron charges are forcibly removed from the charge trap,
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returning it to its lowest level, which is 1, 1, 1, and leaving no excess electron charges behind.
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Let's move on and explore how these memory cells are organized, so that we can store more than three bits of information.
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After we zoom out a little, you can see that the memory cells are stacked vertically.
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This is where the vertical part in vertical NAND or VNAND comes from.
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This stack of memory cells, which is technically called a string, is composed of 10 charge -trap flash cells layered one on top of another.
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When information is written to or read from a string, only one cell can be activated at any given time.
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And to do that, we use separate control gates attached to every layer in the string.
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It works like this.
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The bottom control gate first says, Hey you, charge trap 1, what's your electron charge level at?
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Then the bottom cell sends that information through the center of the string up to the information highway at the top, which is technically called a bit line.
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Then the next control gate for the second layer asks for the charge level in the second cell, and so on up the string,
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each cell sending their information up to the highway or bit line.
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The same kind of sequence happens when charges are being added to a charge trap, which is how information is written to a memory cell.
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The main thing is that only one layer in the string is either written to or read from at any given time.
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Let's move on in complexity.
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Next, we duplicate this string 32 times, and this gets us a page of strings.
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Let's review some terminology.
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This is a memory cell and this is a string.
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And now here we have a page and we're going to call this entire page's strings a row.
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When we duplicate the string, we also duplicate the bit line 32 times.
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However, rather than duplicate the control gates, we're going to have every cell in the same page share a common control gate.
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This makes it so that when information is written to or read from a row, an entire page composed of 32 adjacent cells,
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all in the same layer, are activated at the same time.
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Let's step up in complexity again.
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Next, we duplicate these rows six times until we get a block.
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But we're going to do it 12 times so we can see two blocks.
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OK, so again, here we have a column, here's a row, and this is a layer.
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And now, here's a cell, and here's a string.
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Next, we have a page, and finally we have a block.
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We're going to connect the tops of each string in a column together.
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So they all share the same bit line, and our bit line is looking like a highway now. In addition,
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we have to add a control gate that selects between rows
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so that only one row is using the bit line at a time.
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These are called bit line selectors.
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As discussed, these bit lines are like highways, and the selectors at the top act as traffic lights
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that mediate the flow of information so that only a single row can use the highway or is active at a time.
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Similarly, the control gates attached to each layer act as traffic lights for the layers.
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With bitline selectors along the tops of each row and control gate selectors along each layer,
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the solid -state drive can read from or write to a single page at any given time.
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Additionally, in order to connect to the bitline selectors and control gate selectors,
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there are wires that drop down from above and run perpendicular to the bit lines.
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So, let's quickly recap.
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Eight different levels of electrons are placed on charge traps in order to store three bits of information.
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These charge trap flash memory cells are stacked into strings,
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10 cells tall, which are duplicated into pages of 32 strings in a row.
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Next, those pages of strings are duplicated until we have a block six rows deep.
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And here we're showing two blocks.
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Doing some quick multiplication, we find
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that there are 3 ,840 memory cells here capable of storing a total of 11 ,520 bits.
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With each pixel in our picture requiring 24 bits,
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that means that we can store 480 pixels or this much of our overall picture.
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That means you need about 25 ,000 times the size of this layout to store the contents of this single picture.
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And here's where we learn about the actual size of a memory chip.
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All the principles we've discussed remain the same, so keep those in mind.
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It's just that the size is much more extensive than we discussed in our example.
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It's hard to pin down exact numbers because manufacturers are continually improving their designs
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and they're very secretive regarding what their designs look like.
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But I'll tell you what I know.
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The latest designs utilize not 10 layers as in the example but rather somewhere around 96 to 136 layers tall.
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Here's a single sheet of paper so you can get a sense of the approximate height of these stacks of memory cells.
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Now that we understand the height, let's think about the width.
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A page is around 30 ,000 to 60 ,000 adjacent memory cells wide.
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That means there are 30 ,000 to 60 ,000 bit lines in our information superhighway.
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Blocks are every four to eight rows and there are around 4 ,000 to 6 ,000 blocks.
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Along the edges are the control gate selectors and the bitline selectors on the other side.
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Together, they comprise what is called a row decoder.
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And by using both sets of selectors as traffic lights, we're able to access a single page.
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To repeat this, only one page, 45 ,000 or so cells wide,
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ever uses the bitline to read or write information at any given time.
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All tens of thousands of bitlines feed down here to the page buffer, where the information of a single page is read to or written from.
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Let's transition to see what an overall chip might look like.
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Here we have the arrays of 3D memory cells, the row decoder, and the page buffer at the bottom.
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Additional peripheral circuitry can be found here for supporting the chip.
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In order to fit more capacity, engineers copied this layout onto the other side.
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This chip can read or write at a rate of around 500 megabytes per second.
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That means that it can read from or write to around 63 blocks every single second.
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That's incredibly fast.
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Okay, let's add the last level of complexity.
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Engineers like to fit even more stuff in as small a space as possible.
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So on top of having a massive array of memory cells in this insanely complex layout,
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they decided to copy this chip eight times and stack it into a single microchip.
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At the bottom, an additional interface chip is used to coordinate between the eight different chips.
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And that's it.
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That's all there is in this one microchip that can be found at the center of every one of your smartphones,
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tablets or solid state drives.
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This video covered a lot and I hope you kept up.
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You can always watch this video a second time and if you do watch it a second time,
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we added our notes and commentary into the English Canada subtitles.
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Turn them on by clicking the settings gear over here.
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On the contrary, the notes that are placed up here are caveats or footnotes,
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but the notes we placed in the English Canada subtitles include commentary, additional information, and much more.
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Let us know what you think of them in the comments.
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Also, we'll be making a follow -up set of episodes that will branch off and explain how each part works in detail.
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In separate episodes, we'll cover specifics as to how the charge trap flash works, how the bitline and control gate selectors work,
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and how these microchips are manufactured.
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Also, take a look at our channel page, where we cover other topics such as how touchscreens work,
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how PCBs work, or how cameras in your smartphone work.
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If you have any questions or want us to add more branches relating to solid -state drives, tell us in the comments below.
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But for now, Thanks for watching.
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Subscribe and hit the bell to get notified
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when we post more branch episodes on how solid -state drives work and other topics.
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If you learned something new, share this video with others.
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Tweet it, post it to your favorite discussion board, or share it on social media so others can learn how this amazing technology works.
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Until next time, consider the conceptual simplicity, yet structural complexity in the world around you.
📺 Stesso Canale
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Che cosa imparerai in questa lezione?
In questa lezione, praticherai l'ascolto e la ripetizione di un video che spiega come funzionano gli SSD e come gli smartphone memorizzano i dati. Imparerai a seguire un discorso tecnico, ma accessibile, e a migliorare la tua pronuncia inglese attraverso l'immitazione. Oltre a capire concetti come i "memory cells" o il "VNAND", lavorerai sulla fluidità e sull'intonazione, fondamentali per una conversazione in inglese naturale.
Vocabolario e frasi chiave
- Solid State Drive (SSD): Un disco rigido senza parti mobili, usato per memorizzare dati.
- Memory cell: Unità minima di memorizzazione che contiene elettroni per salvare informazioni.
- VNAND (Vertical NAND): Struttura a stratificazione verticale per aumentare la capacità di memorizzazione.
- Bit: Unità base di informazione (0 o 1) usata nei computer.
- Charge trap: Componente che trattiene gli elettroni per salvare i dati a lungo termine.
Consigli per la pratica con il shadowing
Il video ha un tono chiaro e un ritmo moderato, perfetto per iniziare con lo shadowing. Ecco come procedere: prima, guarda il video una volta per capire il contesto. Poi, riproduci un frammento di 5-10 secondi e ripetilo immediatamente, imitando l'intonazione e la pronuncia. Concentrati su parole come "nanoscopic" o "intricate" – le consonanti finali e le sillabe accentate sono cruciali. Usa un shadowing site per registrare te stesso e confrontarti con l'originale: così noterai i differenze e potrai migliorare. Per la conversazione in inglese, ripeti le domande del video ("How do Smartphones Store Data?") come se le stavi facendo a un amico, per rendere la tua voce più naturale. Ricorda: la pratica regolare con shadowspeak o shadowspeaks ti aiuterà a internalizzare il flusso della lingua. Non ti preoccupare se all'inizio è difficile: anche i più esperti hanno iniziato così!
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | can be stored · are called · is made |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | picture, which is · electrons, which were · level, which is |
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.