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The Netherlands is the second largest exporter of agricultural products in the world, despite being only a little bigger than the state of Maryland.
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How does a country this size even come close to the U .S., the world's top exporter?
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By devoting more than half of its land to farming, and focusing on high -value goods like eggs,
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meat, cheese, tomatoes, and peppers.
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We are sweet and tiny.
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It's in our genes, you know, it's our DNA.
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In 2024 alone, the Dutch farmed goods worth over $140 billion.
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The country pioneered greenhouse growing and now uses robots and algorithms that predict yield, optimize water use, and can even tell when a tomato is ripe.
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But its position at the top is being threatened.
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Soaring energy prices, labor shortages, and new rules limiting pollution or squeezing the industry.
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So how did the Dutch become a global agricultural powerhouse?
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And more importantly, what can its model teach the rest of the world about how to grow more with less?
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In the 13th century, nearly a fifth of what is now the Netherlands was underwater.
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So the Dutch built dikes to hold back the sea and pioneered the use of windmills to pump out the leftover water.
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Over centuries, a complex system of pumps kept low -lying land dry.
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And from this reclaimed land, small family farms fed the country.
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But that all changed during
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World War II, when Nazi Germany took over.
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In 1944, Dutch rail workers went on strike, protesting the occupation.
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In response, the Nazis cut off food supplies.
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Over five months, 20 ,000 people died from starvation.
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It became known as the winter of hunger.
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After the war, food security became a national priority.
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Under the new agricultural minister, Siko Mansholt, the government industrialized farming.
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He subsidized important agricultural products and merged farms into bigger, more efficient ones.
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Public investment in research and education transformed Wageningen University into the country's secret weapon.
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Its research has been used in over 150 countries.
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Over the years, it has spun off dozens of startups.
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This one gathers electricity from living plants, and this one builds robotic harvesters.
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You can find
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Dutch -inspired greenhouses covering thousands of acres in Spain, Canada, and China.
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It all started in Westland, an area just outside of Rotterdam, with one of the world's largest concentrations of greenhouses.
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After dark, they light up the horizon in orange, purple, and green hues from the powerful lamps used to speed up plant growth.
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Some people say it will never be really dark in Westland.
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Here, Marguerite Looye runs a third -generation tomato farm called Looye Kukers.
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How did your grandfather grow vegetables?
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I'm guessing it didn't look like this.
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No, no, not at all.
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It was completely different than in these days.
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In these greenhouses, plants can grow a foot a week.
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Marguerite's team prunes, wraps, and lowers each one by hand.
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If you didn't control the vines...
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Oh, yeah, then you will get the jungle.
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The Netherlands exports more than 900 ,000 tons of tomatoes a year,
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despite having a climate that's naturally too cold and rainy for these warm weather fruits.
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While high -tech solutions help them grow faster and year -round, they still need bees to pollinate every plant.
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You cannot do it without them.
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So they are probably one of the most important tools that we have in our glass house.
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When they're not pollinating, they live in these bee hotels.
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In each box are around 800 bumblebees.
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You can hear them making more noise.
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Now they are still cool.
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Overhead, LED lights mimic the sun and create optimal summer conditions year -round.
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Developed by scientists at Wacheningen, these lights run more efficiently than older sodium bulbs.
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With the same electricity, you can get almost double light.
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Watering these plants has also become more efficient.
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Over the last two decades, greenhouses have reduced their water usage by as much as 90%.
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The water will fall here and it will go back at the end of the row
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and then it will go into a drain, silo.
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We will clean this water and we will reuse it.
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That means it takes just four liters of water to grow a kilo of Dutch tomatoes, compared to the global average of more than 200 liters.
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While tech has optimized much of the growing process, humans still pick tomatoes better than robots, which struggle to see the fruit through these dense vines.
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It's ready to be harvested when the last tomato, this one, is completely red.
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For example, these two are just perfect.
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These are ready to be harvested because that's the moment when they have the best taste.
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Workers follow this chart to harvest tomatoes at peak flavor.
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This is green, so it's color number three, so not ready.
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This, oh, then this is quite red, but it's still not red enough.
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It's color number eight, so this one will be harvested with the second round this week.
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Because Loya only picks ripe fruit, it has a small window to get it into cold storage before it spoils.
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Today the tomatoes came, we packed them in the night shift and tomorrow morning everything goes away with the trucks.
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So to help speed up production, this tomato camera.
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He's looking for damage, split.
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The machine takes two pictures, one from the top and one from the bottom.
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This one we see there he had found one split. Must be somewhere.
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Workers still check the bigger tomatoes by hand.
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We are checking for the size.
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It must be between 47 and 62 millimeters.
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If you see like this, here you missed one tomato.
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It's not so nice.
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And when you look like this, and then we say this is nice but this too are too small.
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Robots do a lot around here.
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This machine on the main factory floor helps sort out tomatoes that are too small or too yellow for the premium brand.
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The green one we throw away because it costs too much time and it's older tomatoes, the taste is not so well.
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Machines also sort the reddest and sweetest tomatoes one last time.
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Then workers package them by hand at these stations so they're ready to ship out.
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But tomato greenhouses aren't the only ones relying on lots of tech.
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Just a few miles away,
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Arnaud de Van Dijk runs one of the largest pepper operations in the country. to keep them healthy.
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So it asks every day a lot of attention to the nature.
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Nature is a very complex thing.
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Every year, Wiedi Holland grows 85 million peppers.
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Like tomatoes, these peppers are grown hydroponically, meaning not in the ground.
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And here too, computers monitor and adjust everything from temperature and watering schedules to lighting.
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These yellow cards track pests, like white flies or thrips.
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The insects are tracking to the color of the green.
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They are being taken by the color of the green.
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And soon cameras will be able to read the sticky cards themselves.
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We are going to a situation where we can monitor which insects are in the store.
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And the sooner we detect a plague, the better and easier we can keep these biologists under control.
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Together these innovations have allowed
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Dutch growers to achieve yields 12 times higher than the average pepper farm globally. Since 2007,
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the company has also used automated carts guided by wires in
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the floor to move harvested peppers from the greenhouse to the processing hall.
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On the packaging floor, AI -powered cameras take pictures of each pepper, comparing the images to a database of ideal fruit.
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That information is used to sort the peppers by size, weight, shape, and color.
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Ones with small imperfections don't go to waste.
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The company sells them to salad producers and other food processors.
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The ones that do pass the camera stage go on to packaging.
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This machine drops nearly 400 pounds of perfect peppers into each crate.
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More and more automatic palletizing and self -driving forklifts are replacing humans in this factory.
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The Netherlands is facing a growing labor crisis, with two -thirds of businesses struggling to find workers.
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VD Hollen introduced all this new technology to automate as much of the packaging process as possible.
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As much as 95 % of Wiede Holland's bell peppers are exported, and about 60 % of all crops produced in the Netherlands leave the country.
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Its position on the North Sea makes it easy to ship from giant ports in Rotterdam and Amsterdam.
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Germany is the top buyer, but Dutch produce also reaches the UK, China, and the US.
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Producing and packing all of this food requires a lot of energy.
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Greenhouses across the Netherlands use nearly 107 petajoules, enough to power more than 2 million homes a year.
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And not everyone's happy about this.
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Some studies estimate that a greenhouse -grown tomato could have six times the carbon footprint of a field -grown one.
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But that largely depends on the energy source used to grow them.
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That's why Dutch growers are trying to change how their farms are powered.
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Until recently, much of their energy came from Russian gas.
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But the war in Ukraine forced the Netherlands to cut off imports.
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Energy prices soared as a result, forcing many greenhouses to look for alternatives.
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Loja already had its own power plant on site.
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Heat from the energy producing process actually warms the greenhouse, and any extra energy is sold back to the power grid.
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Vidi Hollen, meanwhile, turned to a different source.
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50 % of the warmte -behoefte is not made as a earth -warmte.
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The company invested $46 million, along with a few other growers, to drill for the renewable energy source.
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We have our gas -use use, and we have been in the warmte.
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I'm proud of that.
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Wageningen University is working with growers to reduce their energy consumption.
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Leo Marcellus is largely credited for the widespread use of LED lights in Dutch greenhouses.
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Without light, there is no plant growth.
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Custom LED light recipes have helped farmers grow strawberries, cucumber and asparagus faster.
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His research on these lights got glasshouses in the country to cut their power usage by nearly half.
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And now Leo and his team are seeing if they can take it further.
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The question is, can we make as efficient use of the LED lighting as possible?
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Now he's studying how LED light color, intensity and timing can influence growth and lower energy bills.
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And here we are doing an experimental setup where we are growing lettuce with different light.
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In this lettuce trial, his team figured out that by increasing the light intensity in the final week before harvest,
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they can raise vitamin C and sugar content and extend shelf life.
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What gives a good growth?
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What gives a good taste?
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What gives a good nutritional value?
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But also, what is most sustainable in terms of less use of energy?
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And usually that can be a balancing act.
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In another room, his team is working with the Singapore Food Agency on bok choy.
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Here I can choose any condition.
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If I give them low light and a low temperature, they will grow slowly.
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By adjusting temperature, CO2 and light, they can speed up plant growth.
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Many of these testing rooms are pink because red LED lights are better for growing plants.
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Red LEDs are the most efficient in converting electricity into light.
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So a high fraction of red is normally, I would say, advisable.
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But it has to be the perfect balance of red, blue and white light.
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For example, this bok choy likes a little more white light.
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If it is only red, most plants don't like that.
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Leo's colleague Elena Vincenzi is studying how barely visible red light affects a tomato's plant's ability to convert light into energy.
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Here you can see that there is a chamber
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that can be clipped on a leaf and then because the chamber is transparent,
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the leaf can still receive the light that we give to our normal treatments
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and we are able through the machine to actually see what is the rate of photosynthesis.
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If the photosynthesis rate is higher, then perhaps the plant with the same amount of light can grow more and faster.
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She's also trying to reduce water use.
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Swapping in different kinds of growing bases for tomatoes can help with that.
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They're also studying how more robots can help reduce labor costs.
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Several things are studied.
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One of them is about robotic harvesting of the plants.
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There's a lot of interest, of course, in replacing the manual labor by robots.
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Much of what's discovered at Wagening ends up back on farms like Loja and Wiede -Holland.
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Growers often also partly fund the research that we're doing here.
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This tight feedback loop between scientists and farmers may be the secret to what makes
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Dutch agriculture so efficient.
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It dates back to the post -war era, when the Dutch government encouraged researchers and farmers to work together.
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When I was a kid, my father, every Monday or Tuesday evening, I think, he had a study club.
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And then they were with a few growers and they visited their greenhouses.
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I think things like that were very, very positive for the development of our industry.
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Now Wageningen's research is pushing innovation beyond growing plants.
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The Netherlands is Europe's top exporter of meat, raising 4 million cows, 13 million pigs and 104 million chickens every year.
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All that livestock, especially cows for beef and dairy, comes with a high environmental cost.
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And it's not just carbon emissions.
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The bigger issue here is ammonia, a nitrogen -rich gas released from fertilizers, manure and urine.
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In 2017, the Netherlands emitted more ammonia per hectare than any other European country.
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Why?
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Because it has the highest livestock density on the continent.
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Environmentalists say this type of pollution is stressing the native ecosystem.
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Excess nitrogen means tall, fast -growing grasses overtake more delicate native species.
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And it causes algae blooms in waterways.
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To cut emissions, the Dutch government started buying out high -emitting farms
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but calls to limit these emissions have triggered mass protests across the country.
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One place trying to find a solution is Wageningen's dairy campus.
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This is not a commercial dairy farm.
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It's a research center.
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Campus manager Kies de Koning and his team are focused on reducing nitrogen emissions from cows, starting from the ground up.
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They're testing floors that separate pee from poop, since mixing these two releases more ammonia.
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We can run trials where we separate the urine and the solids.
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The separated waste is stored in tanks under the barn to prevent emissions from escaping.
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They've also experimented with robot cleaners, but each one costs nearly $30 ,000.
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A steep price for most farms, which would need at least two.
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The more accessible solution?
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Changing the cows' diets.
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So, can we feed cows in such a way that we have less ammonia emission or less nitrogen losses?
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They're testing different feed combinations with the help of AI -powered troughs,
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which track how much each cow eats and how much methane and ammonia it produces.
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They've already found that replacing fermented grass with maize or fresh grass helps cut methane emissions.
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And when they lower protein and nitrogen levels in the feed itself, the cows will release less ammonia.
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Researchers are also using AI to track cows' health.
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The technology can spot issues like foot rot and identify low emission cows for breeding.
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The Netherlands turned its flood -prone country into an agricultural powerhouse and exported that knowledge around the world.
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But does Dutch innovation hold the secret to feeding the globe?
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The fact is that there is almost a billion people on the planet that go hungry every day.
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Jonas Jägermeier is a climate scientist and crop modeler at Columbia University.
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He points out that half of the calories humans eat come from crops that are grown outdoors.
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Grains like wheat, rice and corn.
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But we're not going to grow staple crops or calorie providing grain crops in a greenhouse environment anytime soon.
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Simply because of financial requirements.
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To reproduce an equal number in harvest, in caloric production, say in a desert environment,
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coupled with a desalination plant that is using renewable energy, that is a sci -fi scenario that is promising,
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but we're not quite there yet.
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So to replicate those millions and millions of hectares of cornfields somewhere indoor is simply not feasible.
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The farms of the future will have to rely on more than just tech.
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They'll need water, seeds, energy, local knowledge, and adaptable systems.
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There is no silver bullet.
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Any implementation strategy that would help change how farmers do practice, how food is processed and transported,
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and how food is then brought to the consumer needs to be in a locally tailored strategy.
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Jonas is now building AI tools that can give farmers early warnings of seasonal forecasts, fine -tune water use, and more importantly,
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connect growers across continents, allowing them to share insights in real time.
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Maybe the real
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Dutch export isn't tomatoes, beef, or robot harvesters.
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It's a mindset, one that values collaboration over competition and policies that drive efficiency.
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The Dutch can't feed the world alone.
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but they've forever changed the way it feeds itself.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “How One Tiny Country Rivals American Farming”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: Dutch, greenhouse, plant, energy, tomatoes. Questo video contiene 233 frasi e 2861 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 19:45. Chi parla mantiene un ritmo costante di circa 145 parole al minuto, comodo per lo shadowing. Solo il 77% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| tomato sostantivo | /təˈmeɪ.toʊ/ | pomodoro, pomidoro |
| greenhouse sostantivo | /ˈɡɹːnˌ(h)aʊs/ | serra |
| pepper sostantivo | /ˈpɛp.ə/ | peperone |
| cow sostantivo | /kaʊ/ | vacca, mucca |
| robot sostantivo | /ˈɹoʊ.bɑt/ | robot |
| harvest sostantivo | /ˈhɑɹ.vəst/ | mietitura, messe |
| efficient aggettivo | /ɪˈfɪʃənt/ | efficiente, performante |
| crop sostantivo | /kɹɑp/ | coltura, messe |
| farmer sostantivo | /ˈfɑɹ.mɚ/ | agricoltore, fattore |
| nitrogen sostantivo | /ˈnaɪ.tɹə.d͡ʒən/ | azoto |
| package sostantivo | /ˈpæk.ɪd͡ʒ/ | pacco |
| export sostantivo | /ˈɛks.pɔɹt/ | esportazione |
| dairy sostantivo | /ˈdɛə.ɹi/ | latticini |
| chamber sostantivo | /ˈt͡ʃeɪ̯mbɚ/ | camera |
| grass sostantivo | /ɡɹɑːs/ | erba, graminacea |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| speed up verbo | /spiːdˈʌp/ | stringere i tempi |
| end up verbo | andare a finire, finire | |
| figure out verbo | scoprire, rendersi conto | |
| hold back verbo | fare complimenti | |
| point out verbo | additare | |
| sort out verbo | ricapitolare | |
| take over verbo | usurpare | |
| throw away verbo | buttare via |
Frasi da ripetere
Frasi brevi e complete del video che puoi riutilizzare nella conversazione di tutti i giorni:
- How did your grandfather grow vegetables?
- I'm guessing it didn't look like this.
- If you didn't control the vines...
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | has been · has spun · has also become |
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | being threatened · has been used · be harvested |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 21 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come they're, they've, we're. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “th”: methane /ˈmiːθeɪn/, grandfather /ˈɡɹæn(d)ˌfɑðɚ/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, photosynthesis /ˌfoʊ.toʊˈsɪn.θə.sɪs/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, pollution /pəˈluʃən/, efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, intensity /ɪnˈtɛnsɪti/, importantly /ɪmˈpɔɹ.tənt.li/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: greenhouse /ˈɡɹːnˌ(h)aʊs/, harvest /ˈhɑɹ.vəst/, hungry /ˈhʌŋ.ɡɹi/, hunger /ˈhʌŋɡɚ/, horizon /həˈɹaɪ.zən/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: greenhouse /ˈɡɹːnˌ(h)aʊs/, robot /ˈɹoʊ.bɑt/, harvest /ˈhɑɹ.vəst/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, crop /kɹɑp/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: package /ˈpæk.ɪd͡ʒ/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, agriculture /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/, automatic /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk/, feedback /ˈfiːdˌbæk/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come tomato, greenhouse, pepper.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.