Pratica di Shadowing: IELTS Listening Section-4(Noise in Cities) with answers - Impara a parlare inglese con YouTube

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Section 4 You will hear part of a lecture about noise in cities.
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Section 4 You will hear part of a lecture about noise in cities.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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This lecture will be about the science of acoustics,
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the study of sound, in relation to urban environments such as cities.
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As an acoustic engineer myself,
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I think this is an area where we're likely to see great changes.
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In the past, researching urban soundscapes was simple.
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We measured levels of sound in decibels,
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so I used to take my sound meter and I measured the noise somewhere,
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and then I might ask a sample of people to say at what level the sound became annoying.
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With data like this,
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acoustic engineers have been able to build up what we call noise maps – maps of the sound environment.
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But actually, these aren't a lot of use.
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What they do show is that the highest noise levels are generally on roads.
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Well, that's not really very surprising.
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But there's quite a lot going on that these maps don't show,
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because they can't capture the complex way that sound varies over time.
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So they ignore important issues such as the noise someone might hear from the open windows or gardens of their neighbours.
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And this sort of noise can be quite significant in summer.
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We don't have any databases on this sort of information.
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As well as that, these records of sound levels take no account of the fact
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that people vary in their perceptions of noise.
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So someone like me with years of working in acoustics might be very different from you in that regard.
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But anyway, even though these noise maps are fairly crude,
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they've been useful in providing information and raising awareness that noise matters.
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We need to deal with it,
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and so it's a political matter.
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And that's important.
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We need rules and regulations because noise can cause all sorts of problems.
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Those of you who are city dwellers know that things go on 24 hours a day,
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so city dwellers often suffer from interrupted sleep.
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It's also known that noise can lead to a rise in levels of stress
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due to physical changes in the body affecting the composition of the blood.
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And there are other problems as well.
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For instance, if schoolchildren don't have a quiet place to study,
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their work will suffer.
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Now one problem with decibel measurement is that it doesn't differentiate between different types of noise.
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Some types of sounds that most people would probably think of as nice
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and relaxing might well score quite highly in decibel levels.
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Think of the sound made by a fountain in a town square, for example.
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That's not necessarily something that we'd want to control or reduce.
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So maybe researchers should consider these sorts of sounds in urban design.
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This is going to be tricky,
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because just measuring decibel levels isn't going to help us here.
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Instead, many researchers are using social science techniques,
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studying people's emotional response to sound by using questionnaires and so on.
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So what exactly do people want to hear in an urban environment?
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Some recent interdisciplinary research has come out with results that at first sight seem contradictory.
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A city needs to have a sense of activity,
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so it needs to be lively,
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with sounds like the clack of high heels on a pavement or the hiss of a coffee machine.
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But these mustn't be too intrusive,
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because at the same time we need to be able to relax.
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One of the major problems in achieving this will be getting architects and town planners to use the research.
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Apart from studying the basics of acoustics,
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these people receive very little training in this area.
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But in fact, they should be regarding sound as an opportunity to add to the experience of urban living,
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whereas at present they tend to see it as something to be avoided or reduced as far as possible,
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or something that's just a job for engineers,
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like the street drainage system.
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What's needed is for noise in cities to be regarded as an aesthetic quality,
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as something that has the qualities of an art form.
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If we acknowledge this, then we urgently need to know what governs it and how designers can work with it.
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We need to develop a complex understanding of many factors.
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What is the relationship between sound and culture?
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What can we learn from disciplines such as psychology about the way that sound interacts with human development and social relationships,
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and the way that sound affects our thoughts and feelings?
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Can we learn anything from physics about the nature of sound itself?
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Today's powerful technologies can also help us.
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To show us their ideas and help us to imagine the effect their buildings will have,
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architects and town planners already use virtual reality.
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But these programmes are silent.
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In the future, such programmes could use realistic sounds,
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meaning that soundscapes could be explored before being built.
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So hopefully, using the best technology we can lay our hands on,
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The city of the future will be a pleasure to the ears as well as the eyes.
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That is the end of Section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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Thank you.

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