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Cape Canaveral, Florida, April 18, 2018.
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At 6 .51 p .m., a Falcon 9 rocket blasts off on a mission to deploy NASA's newest space telescope into orbit,
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the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, or TESS.
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TESS is like a survey of the whole sky, a survey of the nearest hundred light years or so of planets that would be around these stars.
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Over the next decade, scientists expect that TESS will fulfill its primary mission, to discover thousands of so -called exoplanets.
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Exoplanets are planets that exist outside of our solar system.
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We're certainly in an exoplanet golden age of discovery.
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20 years ago, we didn't know if there were other Earth -like planets in the universe.
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And now we can't imagine how we could discover things at a higher rate and still try to make sense of it.
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It's such a struggle just to keep up with the discoveries that we're making right now.
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It is only recently, with the development of deep space satellites and high -powered telescopes, that a more accurate understanding of nearby planets,
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especially planets capable of supporting human life, has been possible.
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But it wasn't so long ago that the notion of Earth -like planets existing in our galaxy wasn't simply unknown.
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It was considered blasphemy.
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When the 16th century Italian philosopher
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and cosmologist Giordano Bruno expressed his belief in an infinity of worlds and raised the possibility that other planets could harbor life,
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He was charged with heresy and burned at the stake.
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It was heretical, revolutionary to believe that there could be alien life out there.
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Giordano Bruno was burned alive in the streets of Rome, and what was his crime?
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To say that they are aliens out there on other planets.
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They weren't allowed to think like that.
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It challenged all their predispositions and their power structure.
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No, there are no other worlds.
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There's nothing out there.
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But there is something out there.
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There's no question about it.
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As recently as the early 1990s, astronomers were still unable to detect these distant planets, even with high -powered telescopes.
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It's hard to see an exoplanet.
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Imagine trying to look at a firefly next to a spotlight.
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It's incredibly difficult because stars shine by their own light.
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They give off their own light, but planets reflect light.
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A typical star is about 10 billion times brighter than a planet.
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Thanks to remarkable advances in technology, astronomers made the very first discovery of an exoplanet in 1992 using an Earth -based telescope.
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But that search kicked into high gear in 2009 with the launch of Kepler, the first space telescope specially designed to find exoplanets.
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And in 2018, Kepler was replaced by the even more powerful TESS.
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So one of the really cool things about TESS, the new satellite that NASA's put up,
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is basically it was specifically designed to detect exoplanets We're used to find exoplanets by what's called the transit method,
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which is where when a planet goes in front of a star, it blocks the light briefly.
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And you really see the light blink on and off.
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That telltale dip is what tells you there might be something that's passing in front of it.
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The regularity tells you about the orbit, which is the easiest way to actually start looking for new planets.
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Although the initial objective in the search for exoplanets was simply
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to determine how many stars in our galaxy might have planets in orbit around them, the actual results were staggering.
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Our galaxy has around 400 billion stars.
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From what we've seen so far is, on average, every star has at least one planet.
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So that means that there are 400 billion, at least, planets in our galaxy.
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400 billion planets in the Milky Way galaxy alone?
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The discovery of such an extraordinary number of exoplanets represents a radical change in our understanding of the universe.
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But even more radical is the notion that millions of those planets might actually be capable of not just supporting life,
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but generating it.
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And to that end, astronomers and astrophysicists actively search for planets in a region they refer to as the Goldilocks Zone.
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The Goldilocks Zone is exactly
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that range for a given star of where water's going to be liquid on a given type of planet.
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We want a planet that is not too close, not too far from the mother star, but just right.
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Planets that may have oxygen and H2O,
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water, that may make possible an atmosphere and maybe even life.
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Based upon current observations, scientists are astounded by the number of potentially habitable planets that exist in the Goldilocks zone.
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With at least 400 billion planets in our galaxy, if you just look at 1 % of that,
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you're still talking about billions of planets that could potentially be habitable.
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This is exciting because we once thought
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that we were the only game in town that could only exists on the planet Earth.
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The discovery of exoplanets, I think it's really changed our view of the potential for life in the universe.
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Fundamentally, I think most scientists would now agree that there is some form of life elsewhere in the universe.
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But in spite of the abundance of habitable exoplanets, many scientists still cling to the notion
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that the only kind of life likely to exist outside of Earth is microbial or bacterial.
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They are resistant to what they claim are far -fetched notions, that these planets might not only contain more sophisticated or evolved life forms,
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but intelligent life forms, some much more evolved or technologically advanced than our own.
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Think about it.
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The universe is about 13 .8 billion years old.
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The Earth is 4 .6 billion years old.
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Civilizations over billions of years could have risen and fallen even before the Earth was formed.
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Although the realization that the galaxy is teeming with Earth -like planets has triggered a revolution in conventional scientific thinking,
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as far as ancient astronaut theorists are concerned, it merely confirms what they have believed all along.
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The discoveries of exoplanets over the past few years have been absolutely extraordinary.
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I remember that the first time they discovered this first exoplanet, and me and my colleagues were saying, okay, this will be the first of many.
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And now, apparently, as many as three exoplanets are being discovered on a daily basis.
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So what we've said all along, that Earth is not unique in this gigantic universe, turns out to be correct.
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This raises the question that we've been bringing up, that for thousands of years there's evidence of some type of visitation from other civilizations.
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Hopefully our sciences are able to now detect exoplanets will allow
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us to pinpoint some of these actual home worlds where aliens have been visiting us.
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I propose that most of those planets that are in this Goldilocks zone have life very similar to ours.
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The only question is, was it them who came here thousands of years ago?
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Cape Canaveral, Florida, August 20th, 1975.
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It's existed.
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The United States launches a Titan rocket carrying the Viking spacecraft.
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Viking is embarking on a 420 million mile journey to one of the most prominent sites in the night sky, Mars.
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If all goes well, in 11 months, the unmanned probe will touch down on the Martian surface and search for evidence of life.
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Mainstream scientists say Mars is most likely a dead planet because of its incredible temperature swings and high levels of solar radiation.
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So why is NASA spending a billion dollars to explore it?
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The night sky is an astounding thing.
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To the naked eye, the red planet could be seen with its special colors.
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After all, it's the biggest thing you see up there past the moon.
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So it's been a special object of fascination and reverence because religious systems often were associated with the planets and the stars, the sky in general.
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Speculations about what's there, is there intelligent life there, are the gods there?
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That's gone on for a long time.
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Our dream for life on Mars probably goes back.
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even to the ancient times when we were just doing naked eye observation.
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It's the planet that really stands out, that we now know is very close to Earth in terms of physical conditions.
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Even though Venus is much more like Earth in size and gravity, it's a hellhole in the solar system.
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But Mars, Mars is out there within our grasp.
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Among the first to record this fiery red ball in the night sky were ancient Egyptian astronomers.
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In 1534 BC, they placed Mars on humanity's first chart of the known cosmos, the sentiment star map.
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Two and a half centuries later, the Egyptians painted the planet Mars on the ceiling of the tomb of SETI I.
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But while the Egyptians honored Mars,
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many other ancient cultures feared it because they associated the red planet with death, destruction, and war.
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According to some This is because the planet glows red, like the color of blood spilled on the battlefield.
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The association of the red planet with the gods of war goes way back.
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In ancient Babylon, Mars was named after Nurgle, the god of fire, death and destruction,
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essentially a god of war.
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The Greeks named Mars after Ares, their god of war.
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The Romans, Mars, that is their god of war.
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Rome was a warrior culture.
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So this martial emphasis, all connected to the red planet, is accounting for the great armies that conquered the known world,
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a very successful story, and very much aligned with the planet Mars.
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Maui, Hawaii, October 19, 2017.
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Scientists at the University of Hawaii Haleakala Observatory detect a strange object traveling through our solar system.
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They initially catalog it as an asteroid.
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But after further examination, researchers observe that the object accelerated as it approached the sun, acting more like a comet,
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but without any other comet -like characteristics.
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The find forces astronomers to reclassify it as something entirely new, an interstellar object.
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We'd never seen anything like this in the solar system before.
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We get an estimate of its size at about 800 meters or half a kilometer in length.
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Roughly a cigar -like shape.
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It was moving very fast, a little more than 195 ,000 miles per hour.
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You get a chill sometimes when you understand something is very important
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or it's really exciting and that's what I felt with this object.
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Our Milky Way galaxy is estimated to consist of 100 ,000 million stars, each indicating the presence of a solar system.
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Because the distances between them are so vast, astronomers believed it was impossible for an object from another solar system to reach our own.
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Until now.
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It just came from outside our solar system, meaning it wasn't material from our star being created.
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It's from a different star system somewhere else.
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That's historic, that we've actually seen it.
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We now know objects can travel from one star system to another.
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Researchers dubbed the interstellar visitor Oumuamua, a Hawaiian term meaning a messenger from afar arriving first.
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Is it possible that the interstellar visitor was, in fact, a messenger?
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One sent on a mission to our solar system.
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Different scientists have analyzed the data and deduced that it's something very different to an asteroid or comet.
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So the scientific data does point to it actually being some artificial creation.
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We've had open speculation about how this thing might be an interstellar spacecraft.
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Talk from a Harvard professor.
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The chair of Harvard's astronomy department, Dr Avi Loeb, noted
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that the object seemed to follow the propulsion patterns of a new technology technology
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that is currently being tested for future space missions, known as solar sail propulsion.
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Large reflective sails capture sunlight to propel a craft through the vacuum of space.
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You can design essentially photon sails.
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So the idea has been to make a material that reflects photons, which is light, very efficiently.
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You deploy this and you basically accelerate under starlight.
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And then you just cruise.
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Was similar alien technology used to repel Oumuamua?
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It makes you wonder, you know, was that a targeted mission, some sort of probe that has been sent in to look for life?
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Before man actually went to the moon and walked on it, we sent a lot of probes around the moon to look at it.
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And it's quite likely that some version of NASA from some other star system could send a probe here to Earth.
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The trajectory of the interstellar object took it past the sun, where it made a turn and then ran parallel to Earth's orbit.
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It traveled between our planet and Mars before it began its journey out of our solar system.
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When Oumuamua arrived, nobody knew where it came from.
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Then in 2018, an astronomer at the University of Hertfordshire retraced its movements and discovered that it came from the Pleiades.
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We have to ask, is it possible that it was actually sent from the Pleiades?
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For ancient astronaut theorists, the revelation
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that Oumuamua traveled to our solar system from the area of the Pleiades star cluster is highly intriguing.
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The Pleiades figures into the creation stories of many ancient cultures from all around the world,
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where it was taught that divine beings came from these stars to seed life on Earth.
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If we look at the mythologies of the Pleiades around the world,
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there's some indication that this star cluster is in some way related to a visitation in ancient times.
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Located over 400 light years from Earth near the constellation of Taurus, the Pleiades is commonly recognized as seven bright stars.
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but actually consists of thousands.
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The Pleiades, everybody's heard of the Pleiades.
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They're also known as the Seven Sisters, because if you have really good eyesight, you can see seven stars in a very compact configuration in the winter sky.
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And, in fact, there are a lot more stars than seven.
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There are actually 3 ,000 stars in the Pleiades.
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So the Pleiades is a star cluster.
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They're not separated by huge distances, but they occur in a small area.
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That's different from a constellation, where the stars could be moving in all sorts of directions and are separated by huge distances.
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The importance of this massive star cluster to ancient peoples is revealed not only by their creation stories,
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but also in how they oriented their most important structures.
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All around the world we find ancient structures that have alignments that infer a relationship to the Pleiades.
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Now, these can be found in places like Chaco Canyon, in Mesoamerica, in various parts of the world.
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It's clear
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that the ancient people wanted to incorporate the rising of the Pleiades in some way with the building of these megastructures.
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Additionally, ancient artwork and artifacts pay homage to these same stars, with one depiction dating back an incredible 18 ,000 years.
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Perhaps the earliest reference to the Pleiades is in the Lascaux Caves in France.
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But these go back thousands of years into antiquity, even before the written language.
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The Pleiades constellation shows up in various artifacts, one of them even being a Sumerian tablet relief
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that shows what appears to be some type of a god coming out of the Pleiades constellation.
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An interesting artifact coming out of the 1600s is the Neber Sky Disk, depicting the constellation of Pleiades.
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Worldwide, we find hundreds of references having to do with the Pleiades not just on one continent,
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not just in one culture, but in multiple continents, in multiple cultures worldwide,
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that to me indicates that something happened here on Earth having to do with someone visiting from the Pleiades.
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Los Angeles, California, June 2019.
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The Trans Astronautic Corporation announces a partnership with NASA to develop a new venture in space, asteroid mining.
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We incorporated TransAster in 2015 when we saw that SpaceX and Elon Musk and Blue Origin,
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Jeff Bezos and other entrepreneurs were developing low -cost, really effective ways to get into orbit.
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Once we have rockets that can get into orbit inexpensively,
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then it makes sense to start building real industries in space and one of the first industries is asteroid mining.
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Precious metals that we really value on the Earth, things like gold and platinum, they're called precious metals because they're not around much.
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The question is, where are they?
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And the answer is asteroids.
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Metals like gold, copper and zinc have been mined on Earth for thousands of years and are vital to civilization.
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But their supply is finite, in part because they are not native to this planet.
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When the Earth was originally being formed, it was molten.
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And a lot of the precious metals were drawn towards the center of the Earth.
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And through this molten process, all the heavy elements went down to the core of the Earth where we can't get access to.
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Then the Earth started to cool and form a cool crust which was made of lighter materials.
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It is widely accepted that without access to metals, both technology and civilization would not have been possible.
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But luckily for mankind, some 3 .8 billion years ago, it is estimated that trillions of asteroids crashed into the Earth
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and deposited a layer of heavy metals into the planet's now hardened crust.
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These elements weren't actually from Earth originally.
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All of these elements came to Earth via comets and asteroids that impacted our planet long ago and early in its history.
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So all the precious metals that we mine on the Earth actually came from the asteroids.
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The bombardment of asteroids seeded Earth's crust with enough metals to make possible the Bronze Age,
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the Iron Age, and today's technological civilization.
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But many metals, including rare Earth elements needed for high technology, are in increasingly short supply.
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Because of this, many experts believe the asteroid belt may once again come to the rescue.
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You get a typical asteroid of 200 meters in diameter, it will have more of those rare Earth elements that have been mined on Earth in all of human history.
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Of the more than 6 ,000 asteroids in NASA's database,
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It is estimated that even just the 10 easiest to reach and mine would yield an astonishing $1 .5 trillion in resources.
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The asteroid belt could provide for the needs of our civilization for many centuries, maybe thousands of years into the future.
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The natural thing to do is to build spacecraft, to go out to the asteroids,
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mine them, make goods out of the asteroids.
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And we presume that other intelligences, if there are other intelligences, would think the same way we would.
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And so anything that seems to make sense to us could make sense to others.
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If other intelligent life forms exist on nearby exoplanets,
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might they too be aware of the vast resources that exist in the asteroid belt and also on planet Earth?
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Ancient astronaut theorists say yes, and suggest that Earth is rich in another commodity
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that would be of great value to any advanced civilization looking to mine for precious metals.
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Liquid water.
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If aliens wanted to mine the asteroid belt, they'd need a base, somewhere to regroup and refuel.
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As it happens, there's one pretty close, and it's called Planet Earth.
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Why would aliens come here?
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Might well be because we're mostly water on Planet Earth.
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They stop here because they could break down water into hydrogen and oxygen as fuel.
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So if you have a craft that somehow uses hydrogen power, you have all the hydrogen you ever need.
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It well could be that this is a way station for extraterrestrials.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questo video contiene 232 frasi e 3231 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 25:06. Chi parla mantiene un ritmo costante di circa 129 parole al minuto, comodo per lo shadowing. Solo il 79% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole meno comuni del video, con pronuncia e significato:
- asteroid /ˈæst(ə)ɹɔɪd/ (sostantivo) — asteroide, pianetino. A naturally occurring solid object, which is smaller than a planet and a dwarf planet, larger than a meteoroid and not a comet, that orbits a star and often…
- galaxy /ˈɡæl.ək.si/ (sostantivo) — galassia. Any of the collections of many millions or billions of stars, galactic dust, black holes, etc. existing as independent and coherent systems, of which there are…
- discovery /dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/ (sostantivo) — scoperta, scoprimento. Something discovered.
- orbit /ˈɔɹ.bɪt/ (sostantivo) — orbita. An elliptical movement of an object about a celestial object or Lagrange point, especially a periodic elliptical revolution.
- civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ (sostantivo) — civiltà. An organized culture encompassing many communities, often on the scale of a nation or a people; a stage or system of social, political, or technical…
- belt /ˈbɛlt/ (sostantivo) — cintura, cintola. A band worn around the waist to hold clothing to one's body (usually pants), hold weapons (such as a gun or sword), or serve as a decorative piece of clothing.
- detect /dɪˈtɛkt/ (verbo) — individuare, rilevare. To discover or find by careful search, examination, or probing.
- cluster /ˈklʌstɚ/ (sostantivo) — gruppo. A bunch or group of several discrete items that are close to each other.
- rocket /ˈɹɑk.ɪt/ (sostantivo) — motore a razzo, razzo. A cylindrical projectile that can be fired to a great height through combustion, (specifically) a type of firework of this form, typically exploding with light…
- intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/ (aggettivo) — intelligente. Of high or especially quick cognitive capacity, bright.
- notion /ˈnoʊʃən/ (sostantivo) — nozione, concetto. Mental apprehension of whatever may be known, thought, or imagined; idea, concept.
- sail /seɪl/ (sostantivo) — vela. A piece of fabric attached to a boat and arranged such that it causes the wind to drive the boat along. The sail may be attached to the boat via a combination…
- probe /pɹoʊb/ (sostantivo) — sonda, specillo. Any of various medical instruments used to explore wounds, organs, etc.
- hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/ (sostantivo) — idrogeno. The lightest chemical element (symbol H), with an atomic number of 1 and atomic weight of 1.008.
- spacecraft /ˈspeɪsˌkɹæft/ (sostantivo) — spazionave. A vehicle that travels through space.
I phrasal verb che sentirai
- look at (verbo) — guardare. To observe or watch.
- go back (verbo) — tornare. To return to a place or state after having been there at a previous time.
- look for (verbo) — cercare, ricercare. To seek.
- bring up (verbo) — menzionare, nominare. To mention.
- give off /ɡɪv ɒf/ (verbo) — emettere. To emit; to produce and send forth; to come across in some manner.
- keep up with (verbo) — tenere dietro a. To manage to remain beside or just behind someone or something that is moving away from one.
- put up (verbo) — collocare. To place in a high location.
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 24 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come we've, they're, we're. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, destruction /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, extraordinary /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come asteroid, galaxy, discovery.
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — un’azione iniziata prima e ancora in corso | we've been bringing · have been visiting |
| Frasi condizionali if + frase, will/would + verbo — una condizione e il suo risultato | if there are other intelligences, would think |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | has been · we've seen · has triggered |
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | was considered · was charged · was burned |
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.