Pratica di Shadowing: The most important lesson from 83,000 brain scans | Daniel Amen | TEDxOrangeCoast - Impara a parlare inglese con YouTube
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Reviewer Gopal In this talk,
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I'm going to give you the single most important lesson my colleagues and I have learned from looking at 83,000 brain scans.
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But first, let me put the lesson into context.
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I am in the middle of seven children.
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Growing up, my father called me a maverick,
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which to him was not a good thing.
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In 1972, the Army called my number,
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and I was trained as an infantry medic,
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where my love of medicine was born.
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But since I truly hated the idea of being shot at,
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or sleeping in the mud,
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I got myself retrained as an X-ray technician and developed a passion for medical imaging.
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As our professors used to say,
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how do you know unless you look?
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In 1979, when I was a second-year medical student,
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someone in my family became seriously suicidal,
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and I took her to see a wonderful psychiatrist.
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Over time, I realized that if he helped her,
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which he did, it would not only save her life,
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but it would also help her children and even her future grandchildren
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as they would be shaped by someone who is happier and more stable.
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I fell in love with psychiatry because I realized it had the potential to change generations of people.
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In 1991, I went to my first lecture on brain SPECT imaging.
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SPECT is a nuclear medicine study that looks at blood flow and activity.
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It looks at how your brain works.
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SPECT was presented as a tool to help psychiatrists get more information to help their patients.
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In that one lecture, my two professional loves,
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medical imaging and psychiatry, came together and quite honestly revolutionized my life Over the next 22 years,
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my colleagues and I would build the world's largest database of brain scans related to behavior on patients from 93 countries.
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SPECT basically tells us three things about the brain.
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Good activity, too little or too much.
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Here is a set of healthy SPECT scans.
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The image on the left shows the outside surface of the brain,
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and a healthy scan shows full, even, symmetrical activity.
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The color is not important,
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it's the shape that matters.
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In the image on the right,
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red equals the areas of high activity,
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and in a healthy brain,
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they're typically in the back part of the brain.
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Here is a healthy scan compared to someone who had two strokes.
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You can see the holes of activity.
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Here's what Alzheimer's looks like,
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where the back half of the brain is deteriorating.
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Did you know that Alzheimer's disease actually starts in the brain 30 to 50 years before you have any symptoms?
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Here's a scan of traumatic brain injury.
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Your brain is soft and your skull is really hard.
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Or drug abuse.
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The real reason not to use drugs?
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They damage your brain.
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Obsessive compulsive disorder where the front part of the brain typically works too hard so that people cannot turn off their thoughts.
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And epilepsy where we we frequently see areas of increased activity.
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In 1992, I went to an all-day conference on brain SPECT imaging.
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It was amazing and mirrored our own early experience using SPECT in psychiatry.
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But at that same meeting,
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researchers started to complain loudly that clinical psychiatrists like me should not be doing scans,
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that they were only for their research.
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Being a maverick and having clinical experience,
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I thought that was a really dumb idea.
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Without imaging, psychiatrists then and even now make diagnoses like they did in 1840 when Abraham Lincoln was depressed
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by talking to people and looking for symptom clusters.
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Imogene was showing us there was a better way.
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Did you know that psychiatrists are the only medical specialists that virtually never look at the organ they treat?
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Think about it.
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Cardiologists look, neurologists look, orthopedic doctors look,
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virtually every other medical specialty's look.
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psychiatrist gets.
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Before imaging, I always felt like I was throwing darts in the dark at my patients and had hurt some of them,
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which horrified me.
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There is a reason that most psychiatric medications have black box warnings.
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Give them to the wrong person and you can precipitate a disaster.
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Early on our imaging work taught us many important lessons such as illnesses like ADHD,
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anxiety, depression and addictions are not single or simple disorders in the brain.
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They all have multiple types.
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For example, here are two patients who have been diagnosed with major depression
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that had virtually the same symptoms yet radically different brains.
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One had really low activity in the brain,
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the other one had really high activity.
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How would you ever know what to do for them unless you actually looked?
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It needs to be tailored to individual brains, not clusters of symptoms.
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Our imaging work also taught us
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that mild traumatic brain injury was a major cause of psychiatric illness
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that ruined people's lives and virtually no one knew about it because they would seize psychiatrists for things like temper problems,
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anxiety, depression, insomnia and they would never look so they would never know.
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Here's a scan of a 15 year old boy who fell down a flight of stairs at the age of three.
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And even though he was unconscious for only a few minutes,
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There was nothing mild about the enduring effect that injury had on this boy's life.
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When I met him at the age of 15,
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he had just been kicked out of his third residential treatment program for violence.
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He needed a brain rehabilitation program,
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not just more medication thrown at him in the dark or behavior therapy,
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which if you think about it, is really cruel.
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To put him on a behavior therapy program when behavior is really an expression of the problem,
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it's not the problem.
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Researchers have found that undiagnosed brain injuries are a major cause of homelessness,
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alcohol abuse, depression, panic attacks, ADHD, and suicide.
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We are in for a pending disaster with the hundreds of thousands of soldiers coming back from Iraq and Afghanistan,
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and virtually no one is looking at the function of their brain.
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As we continued our work with SPECT,
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the criticism grew louder, but so did the lessons.
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Judges and defense attorneys sought our help to understand criminal behavior.
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To date, we have scanned over 500 convicted felons, including 90 murderers.
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Our work taught us that people who do bad things often have troubled brains.
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That was not a surprise.
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But what did surprise us was that many of these brains could be rehabilitated.
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So here's a radical idea.
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What if we evaluated and treated troubled brains rather than simply warehousing them in toxic, stressful environments?
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In my experience, we could save tremendous amounts of money by making these people more functional,
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so when they left prison,
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they could work, support their families, and pay taxes.
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Dostoevsky once said, a society should be judged not by how well it treats its outstanding citizens,
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but by how it treats its criminals.
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Instead of just crime and punishment,
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we should be thinking about crime evaluation and treatment.
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So after 22 years and 83,000 scans,
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the single most important lesson my colleagues and I have learned is that you can literally change people's brains.
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And when you do, you change their life.
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You are not stuck with the brain you have.
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You can make it better,
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and we can prove it.
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My colleagues and I performed the first and largest study on active and retired NFL players,
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showing high levels of damage in these players at a time when the NFL said they didn't know
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if playing football caused long-term brain damage.
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The fact was they didn't want to know.
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That was not a surprise.
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I think if you get most thoughtful nine-year-olds together and you talk about
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the brain is soft about the consistency of soft butter,
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it's housed in a really hard skull that has many sharp bony ridges,
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you know, 28 out of 39 year olds would go,
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probably a bad idea for your life.
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But what really got us excited was the second part of
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the study where we put players on a brain smart program
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and demonstrated that 80% of them could improve in the areas of blood flow,
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memory, and mood, that you are not stuck with the brain you have.
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You can make it better on a Brain Smart program.
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How exciting is that?
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I am so excited.
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Reversing brain damage is a very exciting new frontier,
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but the implications are really much wider.
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Here is the scan of a teenage girl who has ADHD,
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who was cutting herself, failing in school,
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and fighting with her parents.
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When we improved her brain,
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she went from D's and F's to A's and B's and was much more emotionally stable.
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Here's a scan of Nancy.
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Nancy had been diagnosed with dementia,
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and her doctor told her husband that he should find a home for her because within a year,
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she would not know his name.
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But on an intensive brain rehabilitation program,
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Nancy's brain was better, as was her memory.
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And four years later, Nancy still knows her husband's name.
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Or my favorite story to illustrate this point is Andrew,
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a nine-year-old boy who attacked a little girl on the baseball field for no particular reason,
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and at the time was drawing pictures of himself hanging from a tree and shooting other children.
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Andrew was Columbine, Aurora, and Sandy Hook waiting to happen.
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Most psychiatrists would have medicated Andrew as they did Eric Harris
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and the other mass shooters before they committed their awful crimes
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but SPECT imaging taught me that I had to look at his brain
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and not throw darts in the dark at him to understand
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what he needed his SPECT scan showed a cyst the size
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of a golf ball occupying the space of his left him for love.
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No amount of medication or therapy would have helped Andrew.
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When the cyst was removed,
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his behavior completely went back to normal,
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and he became the sweet,
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loving boy he always wanted to be.
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Now 18 years later, Andrew,
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who is my nephew, owns his own home,
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is employed, and pays taxes.
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because someone bothered to look at his brain.
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He has been a better son and will be a better husband, father, and grandfather.
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When you have the privilege of changing someone's brain,
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you not only change his or her life,
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you have the opportunity to change generations to come.
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I'm Dr. Daniel Amen.
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Thank you.
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Informazioni su Questa Lezione
In questa lezione, gli studenti di inglese avranno l'opportunità di apprendere vocaboli e frasi chiave tratti da una conferenza TEDx ispiratrice di Daniel Amen. Il tema centrale riguarda l'importanza della salute mentale e come la neuroimaging possa rivoluzionare la comprensione dei disturbi psichiatrici. Attraverso l'ascolto e la ripetizione di frasi significative, gli studenti possono migliorare la loro pronuncia e acquisire una nuova prospettiva sulla salute mentale, integrando termini specialistici nella loro pratica di conversazione in inglese.
Vocabolario e Frasi Chiave
- Brain scans - scansioni cerebrali
- Psychiatrist - psichiatra
- Treatment - trattamento
- Mental health - salute mentale
- Neuroimaging - neuroimaging
- Depression - depressione
- Traumatic brain injury - lesione cerebrale traumatica
- Diagnosis - diagnosi
Consigli per la Pratica
Per massimizzare i benefici della pratica di conversazione in inglese usando questo video, è consigliabile adottare l'approccio shadowspeak. Ascolta attentamente il ritmo e il tono della voce di Daniel Amen, che può sembrare veloce e coinvolgente. Prova a ripetere le frasi immediatamente dopo averle ascoltate, prestando attenzione alla pronuncia e all'intonazione. Se ti sembra difficile seguire, non esitare a mettere in pausa il video per dare tempo alla tua mente di elaborare. Praticare in questo modo non solo ti aiuterà a migliorare la pronuncia inglese, ma anche a comprendere meglio i concetti legati alla salute mentale e alle diagnosi. Rivedi le frasi chiave elencate precedentemente e cerca di usarle in contesti diversi, permettendoti di sperimentare e approfondire la tua comprensione linguistica.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.
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