シャドーイング練習: Every Role in a Courtroom Trial Explained - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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70 文
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The judge.
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A judge is the presiding official who oversees everything that happens inside a courtroom.
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The judge's role is to ensure the trial follows the law strictly and fairly.
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They rule on objections made by lawyers, decide what evidence is admissible, and instruct the jury on how to interpret the law.
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In criminal cases where a defendant is found guilty, the judge is also responsible for determining the sentence.
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You can think of a judge is the referee of a sports match, making sure both teams compete according to the established rules without taking sides.
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The disadvantage of judicial authority is the potential for personal bias or judicial overreach.
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Judges hold immense power, and inconsistent rulings or unfair sentencing practices between different judges can lead to unequal justice for similar offenses.
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The jury.
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A jury is a group of ordinary citizens summoned to hear the evidence presented during a trial and decide the final verdict.
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In most criminal trials, a jury consists of 12 individuals who must remain neutral throughout the entire proceeding.
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They listen to witness testimonies, examine physical evidence, and deliberate together in private to reach a decision of guilty or not guilty.
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In many jurisdictions, their final decision must be unanimous.
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The main disadvantage of a jury system is that jurors are not legal experts.
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They can be swayed by emotional speeches rather than hard evidence, carry unconscious personal prejudices into deliberations,
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or struggle to understand complex forensic and scientific data.
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The Prosecutor The prosecutor is a government attorney who brings criminal charges against an accused person on behalf of society.
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In civil cases, this role is played by a plaintiff's attorney.
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The prosecutor carries what is known as the burden of proof.
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Because the accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty,
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the prosecutor must present enough evidence and witness testimony to prove the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
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If they fail to meet this standard, the defendant must be acquitted.
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The downside of prosecutorial power is the risk of prosecutorial misconduct.
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Prosecutors sometimes experience tunnel vision, focusing on winning a conviction rather than finding the truth,
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or stacking excessive charges to pressure defendants into taking plea deals.
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The defense attorney
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The defense attorney is the legal representative responsible for protecting the rights of the accused defendant.
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A defense attorney does not have to prove that their client is innocent.
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Instead, their job is to test the government's case, cross -examine prosecution witnesses, point out inconsistencies,
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and show that reasonable doubt exists.
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If a defendant cannot afford a lawyer, the state provides a public defender.
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The biggest disadvantage within defense advocacy is resource inequality.
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Public defenders are often heavily overworked, underfunded, and handling hundreds of cases at once,
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giving wealthy defendants with private legal teams a major advantage in court.
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The defendant The defendant is the individual, business, or institution accused of committing a crime or causing legal harm.
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In a criminal trial, the defendant has the constitutional right to remain silent so they do not accidentally incriminate themselves.
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They sit alongside their defense team and have the final say on key decisions,
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such as whether to accept a plea bargain or take the witness stand to testify in front of the jury.
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The disadvantage faced by defendants is immediate societal stigma.
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Even though the law presumes them innocent until proven guilty, public perception often assumes guilt the moment charges are filed,
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and mounting a proper legal defense can cause severe financial and emotional strain.
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The witness.
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A witness is an individual called to court to give sworn testimony about what they know regarding a case.
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There are generally two types of witnesses.
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Fact or eyewitnesses – people who personally saw, heard, or experienced events directly related to the crime.
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Expert witnesses – specialists, such as forensic scientists, medical examiners, or financial auditors who provide professional opinions on complex technical details.
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All witnesses must swear an oath to tell the truth and can face perjury charges if they lie under oath.
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The vulnerability of witness testimony is human reliability.
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Eyewitness memory has been scientifically proven to fade and distort easily over time,
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while expert witnesses can sometimes be viewed as hired guns, who favor the side paying their consultation fees.
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The Bailiff A bailiff is a uniformed law enforcement officer stationed inside the courtroom to maintain order and security.
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The bailiff announces the judge's entrance, monitors the audience, escorts the jury in and out of the room,
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and guards the defendant to ensure they do not attempt to flee or disrupt proceedings.
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If someone in the courtroom causes a disturbance, the bailiff is authorized to physically remove or arrest them.
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The challenge of the bailiff's role is high -stress courtroom dynamics.
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A bailiff must neutralize sudden outbursts or physical threats instantly,
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all while ensuring their armed presence does not unfairly intimidate the jury or prejudice them against the defendant.
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The court reporter.
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A court reporter, also known as a stenographer, is the trained professional responsible for creating a word -for -word official record of the entire trial.
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Using a specialized stenotype machine that types in phonetic shorthand, court reporters can capture speech at speeds exceeding 200 words per minute.
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Their transcript serves as the official legal record of the trial, which is vital if the verdict is appealed to a higher court.
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The difficulty of court reporting is extreme cognitive fatigue.
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Even a single misheard word, background cough, or transcription error can change the legal meaning of a testimony and impact an appeal years later.
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The Court Clerk The court clerk is the administrative manager of the courtroom.
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While the judge manages the legal rulings, the clerk manages the paperwork and logistics.
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They organize the case files, mark and catalog physical evidence introduced during the trial, administer oaths to witnesses and jurors,
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and officially record the final verdict delivered by the jury.
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The primary drawback of the clerk's role is administrative vulnerability.
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In an environment with hundreds of physical exhibits and legal filings,
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any clerical error or lost piece of documentation can lead to severe trial delays or even mistrials.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Every Role in a Courtroom Trial Explained」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：defendant, jury, legal, trial, judge。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が70文、単語が1011語あります。 音声の長さは6:42です。 話す速さは1分あたり約151語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は73%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| defendant 名詞 | /dɪˈfɛnd.ənt/ | 被告 |
| testimony 名詞 | /ˈtɛstɪmoʊni/ | 証言 |
| prosecutor 名詞 | /ˈpɹɑ.səˌkjuːˌtəɹ/ | 検事 |
| courtroom 名詞 | 裁判廷, 公判廷 | |
| accuse 動詞 | /əˈkjuz/ | 問う, 着せる |
| disadvantage 名詞 | /ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪd͡ʒ/ | 不利 |
| innocent 形容詞 | /ˈɪnəsənt/ | 無邪気な |
| reporter 名詞 | /ɹɪˈpoɹ.tɚ/ | 記者, 報告者 |
| verdict 名詞 | /ˈvɜː.dɪkt/ | 評決 |
| clerk 名詞 | /klɝk/ | 事務員, 店員 |
| oath 名詞 | /ˈoʊθ/ | 誓い, 誓約 |
| examine 動詞 | /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/ | 調べる |
| judicial 形容詞 | /d͡ʒuˈdɪʃəl/ | 司法の |
| guilt 名詞 | /ɡɪlt/ | 有罪, 罪 |
| defender 名詞 | /dɪˈfɛndə(ɹ)/ | 防衛者, 擁護者 |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| point out 動詞 | 指す, 指し示す |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | is found · can be swayed · is played |
| 関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える | people who personally · trial, which is |
注意したい発音
- 「th」の音: oath /ˈoʊθ/, wealthy /ˈwɛl.θi/, authorize /ˈɔθəɹaɪz/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: judicial /d͡ʒuˈdɪʃəl/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, constitutional /ˌkɒn.stɪˈtjuː.ʃ(ə)n.(ə)l/, specialist /ˈspɛʃəlɪst/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: testimony /ˈtɛstɪmoʊni/, prosecutor /ˈpɹɑ.səˌkjuːˌtəɹ/, disadvantage /ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪd͡ʒ/, administrative /ədˈmɪn.ɪ.stɹə.tɪv/, vulnerability /ˌvʌln(ə)ɹəˈbɪlɪti/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: ruling /ˈɹuːlɪŋ/, vulnerability /ˌvʌln(ə)ɹəˈbɪlɪti/, neutral /ˈnuː.tɹəl/, strictly /ˈstɹɪktli/, deliberate /dɪˈlɪb.(ə.)ɹət/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: disadvantage /ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪd͡ʒ/, verdict /ˈvɜː.dɪkt/, administrative /ədˈmɪn.ɪ.stɹə.tɪv/, vulnerability /ˌvʌln(ə)ɹəˈbɪlɪti/, vital /ˈvaɪtəl/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: defendant /dɪˈfɛnd.ənt/, defender /dɪˈfɛndə(ɹ)/, forensic /fəˈɹɛn.zɪk/, enforcement /ɪnˈfoɹsm(ə)nt/, behalf /bɪˈhæf/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。defendant, testimony, prosecutorなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。