Практика Shadowing: Every Role in a Courtroom Trial Explained - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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The judge.
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A judge is the presiding official who oversees everything that happens inside a courtroom.
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The judge's role is to ensure the trial follows the law strictly and fairly.
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They rule on objections made by lawyers, decide what evidence is admissible, and instruct the jury on how to interpret the law.
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In criminal cases where a defendant is found guilty, the judge is also responsible for determining the sentence.
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You can think of a judge is the referee of a sports match, making sure both teams compete according to the established rules without taking sides.
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The disadvantage of judicial authority is the potential for personal bias or judicial overreach.
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Judges hold immense power, and inconsistent rulings or unfair sentencing practices between different judges can lead to unequal justice for similar offenses.
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The jury.
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A jury is a group of ordinary citizens summoned to hear the evidence presented during a trial and decide the final verdict.
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In most criminal trials, a jury consists of 12 individuals who must remain neutral throughout the entire proceeding.
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They listen to witness testimonies, examine physical evidence, and deliberate together in private to reach a decision of guilty or not guilty.
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In many jurisdictions, their final decision must be unanimous.
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The main disadvantage of a jury system is that jurors are not legal experts.
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They can be swayed by emotional speeches rather than hard evidence, carry unconscious personal prejudices into deliberations,
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or struggle to understand complex forensic and scientific data.
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The Prosecutor The prosecutor is a government attorney who brings criminal charges against an accused person on behalf of society.
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In civil cases, this role is played by a plaintiff's attorney.
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The prosecutor carries what is known as the burden of proof.
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Because the accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty,
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the prosecutor must present enough evidence and witness testimony to prove the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
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If they fail to meet this standard, the defendant must be acquitted.
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The downside of prosecutorial power is the risk of prosecutorial misconduct.
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Prosecutors sometimes experience tunnel vision, focusing on winning a conviction rather than finding the truth,
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or stacking excessive charges to pressure defendants into taking plea deals.
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The defense attorney
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The defense attorney is the legal representative responsible for protecting the rights of the accused defendant.
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A defense attorney does not have to prove that their client is innocent.
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Instead, their job is to test the government's case, cross -examine prosecution witnesses, point out inconsistencies,
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and show that reasonable doubt exists.
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If a defendant cannot afford a lawyer, the state provides a public defender.
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The biggest disadvantage within defense advocacy is resource inequality.
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Public defenders are often heavily overworked, underfunded, and handling hundreds of cases at once,
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giving wealthy defendants with private legal teams a major advantage in court.
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The defendant The defendant is the individual, business, or institution accused of committing a crime or causing legal harm.
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In a criminal trial, the defendant has the constitutional right to remain silent so they do not accidentally incriminate themselves.
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They sit alongside their defense team and have the final say on key decisions,
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such as whether to accept a plea bargain or take the witness stand to testify in front of the jury.
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The disadvantage faced by defendants is immediate societal stigma.
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Even though the law presumes them innocent until proven guilty, public perception often assumes guilt the moment charges are filed,
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and mounting a proper legal defense can cause severe financial and emotional strain.
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The witness.
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A witness is an individual called to court to give sworn testimony about what they know regarding a case.
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There are generally two types of witnesses.
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Fact or eyewitnesses – people who personally saw, heard, or experienced events directly related to the crime.
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Expert witnesses – specialists, such as forensic scientists, medical examiners, or financial auditors who provide professional opinions on complex technical details.
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All witnesses must swear an oath to tell the truth and can face perjury charges if they lie under oath.
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The vulnerability of witness testimony is human reliability.
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Eyewitness memory has been scientifically proven to fade and distort easily over time,
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while expert witnesses can sometimes be viewed as hired guns, who favor the side paying their consultation fees.
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The Bailiff A bailiff is a uniformed law enforcement officer stationed inside the courtroom to maintain order and security.
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The bailiff announces the judge's entrance, monitors the audience, escorts the jury in and out of the room,
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and guards the defendant to ensure they do not attempt to flee or disrupt proceedings.
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If someone in the courtroom causes a disturbance, the bailiff is authorized to physically remove or arrest them.
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The challenge of the bailiff's role is high -stress courtroom dynamics.
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A bailiff must neutralize sudden outbursts or physical threats instantly,
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all while ensuring their armed presence does not unfairly intimidate the jury or prejudice them against the defendant.
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The court reporter.
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A court reporter, also known as a stenographer, is the trained professional responsible for creating a word -for -word official record of the entire trial.
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Using a specialized stenotype machine that types in phonetic shorthand, court reporters can capture speech at speeds exceeding 200 words per minute.
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Their transcript serves as the official legal record of the trial, which is vital if the verdict is appealed to a higher court.
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The difficulty of court reporting is extreme cognitive fatigue.
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Even a single misheard word, background cough, or transcription error can change the legal meaning of a testimony and impact an appeal years later.
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The Court Clerk The court clerk is the administrative manager of the courtroom.
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While the judge manages the legal rulings, the clerk manages the paperwork and logistics.
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They organize the case files, mark and catalog physical evidence introduced during the trial, administer oaths to witnesses and jurors,
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and officially record the final verdict delivered by the jury.
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The primary drawback of the clerk's role is administrative vulnerability.
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In an environment with hundreds of physical exhibits and legal filings,
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any clerical error or lost piece of documentation can lead to severe trial delays or even mistrials.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «Every Role in a Courtroom Trial Explained». Чаще всего повторяются слова: defendant, jury, legal, trial, judge. В этом видео 70 предложений и 1011 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 6:42. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 151 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 73% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| defendant существительное | /dɪˈfɛnd.ənt/ | обвиня́емый, обвиня́емая |
| testimony существительное | /ˈtɛstɪmoʊni/ | показа́ние |
| prosecutor существительное | /ˈpɹɑ.səˌkjuːˌtəɹ/ | прокуро́р |
| courtroom существительное | зал суда́, зал суде́бных заседа́ний | |
| accuse глагол | /əˈkjuz/ | вини́ть, обвиня́ть |
| disadvantage существительное | /ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪd͡ʒ/ | невы́годное положе́ние |
| innocent прилагательное | /ˈɪnəsənt/ | неви́нный, безви́нный |
| reporter существительное | /ɹɪˈpoɹ.tɚ/ | репортёр, репортёрша |
| verdict существительное | /ˈvɜː.dɪkt/ | пригово́р, реше́ние |
| clerk существительное | /klɝk/ | клерк, чино́вник |
| oath существительное | /ˈoʊθ/ | прися́га, кля́тва |
| administrative прилагательное | /ədˈmɪn.ɪ.stɹə.tɪv/ | администрати́вный |
| ruling существительное | /ˈɹuːlɪŋ/ | постановле́ние |
| examine глагол | /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/ | осма́тривать, осмотре́ть |
| judicial прилагательное | /d͡ʒuˈdɪʃəl/ | суде́бный |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| point out глагол | ука́зывать, указа́ть |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | is found · can be swayed · is played |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | people who personally · trial, which is |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
- Звуки «th»: oath /ˈoʊθ/, wealthy /ˈwɛl.θi/, authorize /ˈɔθəɹaɪz/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: judicial /d͡ʒuˈdɪʃəl/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, constitutional /ˌkɒn.stɪˈtjuː.ʃ(ə)n.(ə)l/, specialist /ˈspɛʃəlɪst/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: testimony /ˈtɛstɪmoʊni/, prosecutor /ˈpɹɑ.səˌkjuːˌtəɹ/, disadvantage /ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪd͡ʒ/, administrative /ədˈmɪn.ɪ.stɹə.tɪv/, vulnerability /ˌvʌln(ə)ɹəˈbɪlɪti/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: wealthy /ˈwɛl.θi/, inequality /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/, paperwork /ˈpeɪ.pɚˌwɝk/, sway /ˈsweɪ̯/, eyewitness /ˈaɪˌwɪt.nəs/
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: harm /hɑːm/, behalf /bɪˈhæf/, hire /ˈhaɪɹ/, mishear /mɪsˈhɪə(ɹ)/, shorthand /ˈʃɔɹthænd/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: accuse /əˈkjuz/, disadvantage /ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪd͡ʒ/, administrative /ədˈmɪn.ɪ.stɹə.tɪv/, alongside /əˌlɔŋˈsaɪd/, proceed /pɹəˈsid/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как defendant, testimony, prosecutor.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.