シャドーイング練習: Everything You Need to Know About Educational Technology - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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Hello everyone, my name is David Lee.
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In this video we'll be talking about what is educational technology or edtech,
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how you can categorize different types of edtech experiences,
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how to facilitate transformative learning with technology,
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and finally what is, in my opinion,
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one of the best teaching approaches that complement effective and meaningful integration of technology.
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So let's begin.
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This is a complicated question to answer because EdTech can mean so many different things.
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EdTech can involve a wide range of things like learning management systems,
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digital tools and media, ICT,
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information and communications technology, or even tech infrastructure in a school which involves the Wi-Fi,
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the devices that the students and teachers are using,
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and data privacy and security.
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That's a wide range of technology being used in education.
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For simplicity, I use a definition that I like to refer to when talking to educators about EdTech.
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Here's the definition.
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Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating,
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using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.
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So in schools, EdTech is the use of tech and tech processes to facilitate learning and improve performance.
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So like I said before,
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EdTech can involve a wide range of learning experiences that integrate technology.
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I think a great way to categorize EdTech learning experiences is by identifying the learning theory behind the whole experience.
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Learning theories are the ideas that attempt to describe how humans learn.
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You can categorize these EdTech learning experiences through three broad learning theories.
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Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism.
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Each of these theories provide different perspectives on teaching and learning.
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Looking at how tech facilitates learning through the lenses of these theories.
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Let's go ahead and discuss what each of these theories are all about and the perspectives of each theory regarding edtech.
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Behaviorism is a theory of learning that is based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
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Now within this theory, there is something called operant conditioning,
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where a behavior is learned through a stimulus,
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which leads to a response,
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and then the stimulus that follows that response.
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B.F.
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Skinner, a behaviorist, implemented the operant conditioning into academic learning,
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which is called programmed instruction.
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This type of instruction involves the use of a mechanical device,
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a teaching machine, provides stimuli to students and additional reinforcers based on their responses.
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Behaviorism-based tech is very popular in edtech because it helps students increase their performance in tests.
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For example, apps and other online platforms break down learning into smaller sections,
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each section requiring students to respond to stimuli and then getting immediate feedback.
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Let's take a look at Khan Academy,
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an example of behaviorism-based tech.
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Khan Academy is a website that provides free online courses,
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lessons, and practice exercises.
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Its mission is to provide a free world-class education for everyone, everywhere.
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Here you can search for expert content in any topic,
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watch videos on that topic,
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and do some practice exercises.
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It even has something called Mission Warm-up,
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where students can do a few problems so that Khan Academy knows how to help the students,
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identifying what he or she knows or doesn't know so that it can provide appropriate stimuli guided practice at the student's level.
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Its dashboard tracks the student's progress,
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identifying what the student mastered or what they need to work on.
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This website is a great example of how operant conditioning works in education.
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the level of the students,
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providing adaptive stimuli that elicits responses and immediate feedback,
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helping students practice at their own pace,
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and be an active participant in their own learning.
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Cognitivism is a learning theory that focuses on how information is received,
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organized, stored and retrieved by the mind,
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focusing more on the mental processes,
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kind of like a computer.
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In education, cognitivism focuses on how information is presented,
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how things are organized in sequence so that it's easier to understand and remember.
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First catching their attention, then helping them to make sense of the information that was given,
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and then stored to build up their mental maps.
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In educational technology, this could involve the presentation of information through visual learning,
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auditory learning, and digital multimedia.
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Visual learning is learning through visuals that follow perception principles to help students better focus on important information.
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Auditory learning is where students learn based on hearing.
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And digital multimedia is digital content that uses multiple mediums to communicate information.
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Constructivism is difficult to define because of the diverse meanings behind the term term.
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But the commonality between these diverse views is that there's the belief
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that knowledge is constructed by learners as they attempt to make sense of their experiences.
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Within these constructivism-based learning experiences,
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there are prescriptive principles that they follow.
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According to Marcy Driscoll, a professor at Florida State University College of Education,
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these prescriptive principles are the following,
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embedded learning in complex, realistic, and relevant environments.
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Provide for social negotiation as an integral part of learning.
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Support multiple perspectives and the use of multiple modes of representation.
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Encourage ownership in learning and finally nurture self-awareness of the knowledge construction process.
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So after examining the three learning theories you can see that the use of ed tech
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can look very different depending on the learning theory behind it.
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But at the same time,
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all applications of EdTech should facilitate learning in one shape or form.
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In 2016, ISTE, an education nonprofit organization who's committed to empowering connected learners in a connected world,
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introduced their new tech standards for students.
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These standards identified what students would be able to do with technology.
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For example, students use a variety of technologies within a design process to identify and solve problems by creating new,
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useful, or imaginative solutions.
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The new tech standards focuses on facilitating transformative learning,
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a roadmap to transformative learning that emphasizes on empowering student voice and student agency.
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These standards give students a new role in learning,
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more self-directed learning and giving them more responsibility and ownership.
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And teachers are also seen more as facilitators who provide guidance in learner-driven experiences.
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Here are the seven ISTE standards.
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Empowered Learner, using tech to demonstrate competency in their learning goals.
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Digital Citizen, using tech in a safe, legal and ethical way.
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Knowledge Constructor, using tech to construct knowledge and produce creative products.
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Innovative Designer, using tech to solve problems by creating solutions.
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Computational Thinker Using tech to implement strategies for solving problems to develop and test solutions.
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Creative Communicator Using tech to communicate clearly and express themselves creatively.
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Global Collaborator Using tech to broaden perspectives and collaborate with others, locally and globally.
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Within these standards, there are substandards that specify exactly what students will be able to do.
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In 2015 I was asked to do a day-long workshop on ed tech for an international school.
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I thought I was going to have them try out some new tech,
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some new apps, and some online tools but I ended up not doing that.
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I felt like tech integration was most effective when it was complemented by a great teaching approach.
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So I decided to teach project-based learning to the educators.
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The title of my workshop was actually project-based learning where effective technology integration happens.
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I feel like project-based learning provides students with one cohesive learning
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experience where they can use technology through the lens of all three learning theories as well as develop their skills
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that are involved in the new ISTE standards.
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Project-based learning or PBL is a teaching method in which students learn by actively engaging in real-world and personally meaningful projects.
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According to PBL Works, a leading organization in making PBL accessible to schools,
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there are seven essential PBL elements.
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Challenging problem or question, sustained inquiry,
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authenticity, student voice and choice,
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reflection, critique and revision, and public showcase.
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Let's take a look at a PBL example.
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Fourth graders were asked the following challenging question.
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How will you design a mechanical float for a festival?
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This project provided students with an authentic context involving real-world tasks and tools.
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Students went through sustained inquiry of asking questions,
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investigating, and finding resources needed to gain crucial knowledge and skills from multiple subject areas.
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World language, social studies, science, and engineering.
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They then applied what they learned to produce a mechanical float model
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that was displayed publicly for an audience beyond their own class.
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During the process of designing and prototyping their festival floats,
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Sims were providing one another feedback,
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as well as eliciting feedback,
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to then improve their float models.
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During this whole project, students made some decisions on how they worked and what they created.
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Let's now look at possible uses of educational technology to facilitate
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learning in this project through the lens of the three learning theories.
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Students using digital tools like G Suite to facilitate collaborative activities during the investigation process.
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Students using digital learning journals like Seesaw to document their learning as well as reflect on their learning,
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developing self-awareness of their learning,
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knowledge construction process, and encouraging ownership in learning.
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Students programming microcontrollers and building mechanical robots to bring authenticity to the learning context,
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as well as create a realistic, hands-on learning environment.
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It also provides opportunities for complex problem solving and collaborative learning that involves social negotiation.
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Students using digital, game-based learning tools that incorporate drill
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and practice to increase their knowledge in the required subject areas of the project.
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Students using computer-assisted instruction like BrainPop that provide explanations on different content topics and a quiz at the end with immediate responses.
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Teachers using presentation tools like Apple's Keynote to easily present information with clarity through the use of visual learning principles.
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Teachers using digital multimedia tools like Flipgrid to present information through text,
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photos, and interactive whiteboards to show multiple representations of content.
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It is important to note that the use of edtech tools can fall under multiple learning theories.
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Okay, so how do the ISTE standards fit in this learning experience?
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Well, students use the Seesaw app to set and achieve learning goals,
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demonstrate their learning through the construction of their festival float,
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and use their understanding of concepts of tech operations to program their microcontroller and its components.
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They also used online resources to research and curate crucial information to answer the project's question.
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They went through the design process to generate ideas,
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develop prototypes, and test and refine them.
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And of course, they used their understanding of an algorithmic thinking to create code that automated their festival floats.
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So to recap this video,
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we discussed the definition of educational technology,
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which is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating,
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using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.
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We also talk about how the use of EdTech could be categorized based on the learning theory of the learning experience.
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How there is a focus in recent years to use EdTech to facilitate transformative learning.
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And how project-based learning is a teaching approach that complements effective technology integration into learning experiences.
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Thank you so much for watching.
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I hope this video has given you a better understanding of what educational technology is all about.
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Until next time, peace.
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このレッスンについて
このレッスンでは、教育技術、つまりEdTechに関する基本的な概念を学びます。特に、技術がどのように学習を促進し、パフォーマンスを向上させるのかを把握します。また、行動主義、認知主義、構成主義という三つの学習理論を通じて、EdTechの活用にどのような影響を与えるのかを考察します。この内容は、英語での理解力を高めるとともに、英語スピーキング練習に役立つでしょう。
重要な語彙とフレーズ
- 教育技術（Educational Technology）
- 学習管理システム（Learning Management Systems）
- 行動主義（Behaviorism）
- 認知主義（Cognitivism）
- 構成主義（Constructivism）
- 刺激と反応（Stimulus and Response）
- 即時フィードバック（Immediate Feedback）
- プログラム学習（Programmed Instruction）
練習のコツ
このビデオでは、David Leeが教育技術の複雑な側面をわかりやすく説明しています。彼のスピーチの速さは比較的穏やかで、言葉がはっきりしているため、YouTubeで英語学習をするのに適しています。以下は、shadowspeakを活用して効果的に発音を向上させるためのアドバイスです：
- ビデオを最初に数回視聴して、全体の流れを把握しましょう。
- 次に、セクションごとに再生を止め、Davidの発言を真似してみます。特に、強調された単語やフレーズに注意してください。
- 繰り返し練習することで、自分の言葉のリズムやイントネーションを向上させることができます。
- 効果的なフィードバックを得るために、録音して自分の発音を確認しましょう。
- 毎日少しずつ練習し、英語の発音を良くすることを目指してください。
これらの方法を使って、英語スピーキング練習を日常に取り入れ、スキルを向上させていきましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。