シャドーイング練習: Genetic Engineering and Diseases – Gene Drive & Malaria - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

レッスンを作成中...
1
What if you could use genetic engineering to stop humanity's most dangerous predator, the deadliest animal on the planet responsible for the death of billions, the mighty mosquito? Along with other diseases it plays host to Malaria, one of the cruelest parasites on Earth possibly the single biggest killer of humans in history.
2
In 2015 alone hundreds of millions were infected and almost half a million people died.
3
A new technology could help us eradicate Malaria forever, but to do so we need to engineer a whole animal population.
4
This is not a hypothetical problem, the modified mosquitoes already exist in a lab.
5
Should we use the technology, and is malaria bad enough to risk it?
6
(Intro Music) Malaria is caused by a group of microorganisms: Plasmodia, very weird microorganisms that consists of just a single-cell, they're parasites that completely rely on mosquitoes. Malaria always starts with an insect bite.
7
In it's salivary glands, thousands of sporozoites wait until the insect penetrates your skin, immediately after invading you they head for the liver where they quietly enter big cells and hide from the immune system. For up to a month they stay here in stealth mode consuming the cells alive and changing into their next form: small drop like merozoites, they multiply generating thousands of themselves and then burst out of the cells. So thousands of parasites head into the bloodstream to look for their next victims, Red blood cells, to stay unnoticed, they wrap themselves in the membranes of the cells they killed. Imagine that! Killing someone from the inside and then taking their skin as camouflage, brutal!
8
They now violently attack red blood cells, multiplying inside them until they burst then finding more red blood cells and this cycle repeats over and over.
9
Pieces of dead cells spread lots of toxic waste material, which activates a powerful immune response causing flu-like symptoms, among the symptoms are high fever, sweats and chills, convulsions, headaches and sometimes vomiting and diarrhea. If malaria breaches the blood-brain barrier it can cause coma, neurological damage or death. The parasites are ready for evacuation now.
10
When another mosquito bites the infected human they get a ride, the cycle can start over.
11
In 2015, the Zika virus, which causes horrible birth defects if it infects pregnant women, spread rapidly into new areas around the globe. It too is carried by a mosquito. The mosquito is the perfect carrier for human diseases they've been around for at least 200 million years. There are trillions of them and a single one can lay up to 300 eggs at a time. They are practically impossible to eradicate and the perfect parasite taxi. But today we have a new revolutionary technology, that could enable us to finally win the war against them; CRISPR. For the first time in human history, we have the tools to make fast, large-scale changes to entire species, changing their genetic information as we please.
12
So instead of attacking isolated groups of insects, why not just change the types that transmit diseases?
13
Using genetic engineering, scientists successfully created a strain of mosquitoes that are immune to the malaria parasite by adding a new antibody gene that specifically targets plasmodium. These mosquitoes will never spread malaria. But just changing genetic information is not enough. The edits would only be inherited by half the offspring because most genes have two versions inside the genome as a fail-safe. So after just two generations, at most only half of the offspring would carry the engineered gene. In a population of billions of mosquitoes they would hardly make a difference.
14
A genetic engineering method called the gene drive solves this problem.
15
It forces the new gene to become dominant in the following generations overpowering the old gene almost completely.
16
Thanks to this twist, 99.5% of all the engineered mosquitoes offspring will carry the anti-malaria edit. If we were to release enough engineered mosquitoes into the wild to mate with normal mosquitoes, the malaria blocking gene would spread extremely quickly.
17
As the new gene becomes a permanent feature of the mosquito population, Plasmodium would lose its home base.
18
Scientists hope that the change would be so fast that they could not adapt to it quickly enough.
19
Malaria could virtually disappear.
20
If you take into account that maybe half a million children are killed by it every year, about five have died since this video started. Some scientists argue that we should use the technology sooner, rather than later.
21
The mosquitoes themselves would probably only profit from this, they don't have anything to gain from carrying parasites and this might only be the first step Malaria might just be the beginning.
22
Different mosquitoes also carry Dengue fever and Zika, ticks transmit Lyme disease, flies transmit sleeping sickness fleas transmit the plague. We could save millions of lives and prevent suffering on an unbelievable scale. So, why haven't we done this yet?
23
For one, CRISPR editing is barely four years old, so until very recently we just couldn't do it as fast and easily. And there are valid concerns.
24
Never before have humans consciously changed the genetic code of a free-living organism on this scale.
25
Once we do it, there is no going back. So it has to be done right, because there could be unwanted consequences if we set out to edit nature.
26
In this specific case of malaria though, the risk might be acceptable since the genetic modification doesn't make a big change in the overall genome.
27
It only changes a very specific part.
28
The worst-case scenario here, is probably that it might not work or that the parasite adapts in a negative way.
29
There is still much debate.
30
Technology as powerful as gene drive, needs to be handled with a lot of care but at some point we have to ask ourselves: Is it unethical to not use this technology, when every day 1,000 children die.
31
Humanity has to decide how to act on this in the next few years.
32
The public discussion is way behind the technology in this case.
33
What do you think?
34
This video was made possible in part by viewer donations on Patreon. If you want to help us make more videos like this and get nice rewards in return you can do so here. We really appreciate it. If you want to learn more about the topic of genetic engineering, we have another video about CRISPR and GMOs, and in case that's too much biology for you, here's a space playlist.

背景と文脈

このビデオでは、遺伝子工学とマラリアについての非常に重要なテーマが取り上げられています。特に、マラリアを引き起こす寄生虫やその媒介者である蚊に対する最新の技術、CRISPRと遺伝子ドライブの概念が紹介されています。この技術がどのようにして人類の健康を守るために利用される可能性があるのかを詳しく学ぶことで、英語の語彙や発音の向上につながるでしょう。

日常コミュニケーションのためのトップ5フレーズ

  • What if you could use genetic engineering...? -「もし遺伝子工学を使って...できたらどうなる？」
  • Malaria is caused by... a group of microorganisms. -「マラリアは…微生物群によって引き起こされる。」
  • They multiply generating thousands of themselves. -「彼らは何千もの自分自身を生成して増殖する。」
  • Thanks to this twist, 99.5% of... offspring will carry the anti-malaria edit. -「この仕組みのおかげで、99.5%の…子孫が抗マラリアの遺伝子を持つことになる。」
  • Is it unethical to not use this technology...? -「この技術を使わないのは非倫理的なのだろうか？」

ステップバイステップ シャドーイングガイド

このビデオを観ながら、次の手順に従って英語スピーキング練習を行い、英語の発音を良くすることを目指しましょう。

  1. 1. 事前準備：ビデオを視聴する前に、関連する語彙やフレーズをリストアップし、意味を理解しておきましょう。
  2. 2. 音声を注意深く聴く：最初にビデオを通して聴き、内容を把握します。この時、特に発音やイントネーションに注目してください。
  3. 3. シャドーイングを開始：再生する音声と同時に、自分でも声に出して繰り返します。重要なフレーズに焦点を当てて、間違えずに発音できるまで繰り返しましょう。
  4. 4. 録音して確認：自分の声を録音し、元の音声と比べます。アクセントや発音の違いを確認し、改良すべきポイントを見つけます。
  5. 5. フィードバックの利用：友人や先生に自分の発音を聴いてもらい、フィードバックを受け取りましょう。これにより、さらなる改善が可能になります。

これらのステップを通じて、独自の方法でシャドーイングに取り組み、英語のコミュニケーション能力を向上させることができます。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。