シャドーイング練習: How do some languages not have tense? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
練習モードを選ぶ
各モードは全画面の練習ルームで開きます。
154 文
文が短すぎたり長すぎる場合は、Editをタップして調整してください。
1
If I asked you to explain the difference between I ate dinner and I was eating dinner,
2
you'd probably tell me they both happened in the past, and you'd be right.
3
In linguistics, we call the when of a sentence tense.
4
But there's a second, much more subtle layer of meaning hidden in those sentences
5
that English speakers use every day without ever realizing it.
6
Bernard Comrie still has the classic definition of it from his 1976 sequel to his high-stakes nail-biting thriller,
7
Tense, where he explains it simply as the internal temporal constituency of a situation.
8
And some languages use it without ever using tense at all.
9
In plain English, it's called aspect.
10
If you're new to the channel, welcome.
11
I'm Dr. Taylor Jones.
12
I've got a PhD in linguistics from the University of Pennsylvania.
13
And on the channel, I discuss everything relating to language, linguistics, language learning, and culture.
14
If you're into those topics, be sure to subscribe and ring the bell for notifications.
15
Today, we're talking about what's weirdly one of the hardest concepts for people to get.
16
This is Language Jones.
17
I bought Airfare to Italy last month, and my old move would have been to just not look at my accounts for a while.
18
Instead, I opened Monarch.
19
One clean dashboard.
20
Accounts, spending, net worth, debt payoff progress, recurring bills, all in one view.
21
No hopping between four banking apps to piece it all together.
22
Setup was fast.
23
Monarch syncs with over 13,000 institutions, so my banks, credit cards, and brokerage all connected securely in one sitting.
24
What I actually needed to know was whether that purchase set me back.
25
Monarch's AI pulled from my real financial data and explained what changed.
26
Two minutes, no spreadsheet.
27
The budgeting's flexible, not rigid.
28
Fixed versus flexible spending, my own rules and categories.
29
And if you're managing money with a partner, you both see the same picture.
30
No ads, no selling my data.
31
I'm the customer, not the product.
32
And it's the same experience on web and mobile.
33
Monarch.com in the description, use my promo code or scan the QR code on screen.
34
Now back to the video.
35
Okay, so what the fuck is Aspect?
36
As with most linguistics jargon, the name sounds kind of made up.
37
While tense tells you when something happened, past, present, or future, aspect tells you how that event occupies mental time.
38
Is it a single completed point?
39
Is it an ongoing process?
40
Is it a habit that happens over and over?
41
Today, we're going to look at the two core kinds of aspects that languages, from English to Russian to Mandarin, have to deal with.
42
The perfective and the imperfective.
43
To visualize this, imagine you're looking at a parade.
44
If you're standing on a skyscraper, looking down at the entire parade route from start to finish, you see the parade as a single complete event.
45
If you're looking down from the space station, the whole thing is an undisentanglable dot.
46
This is the perfective aspect.
47
You aren't interested in the individual dancers, the specific timing of the drums.
48
You're not interested in who's going by right now.
49
That question doesn't even make sense.
50
Instead, you're looking at the event as an unanalyzable black box or a single dot on a timeline.
51
In English, we usually show this with a simple past.
52
I wrote the book.
53
I read the book.
54
I ate the book.
55
It's done.
56
The concept's a whole.
57
But now imagine you're standing on the sidewalk right in the middle of the noise of that parade.
58
You see the floats passing by, you see the movement, and you're right in the thick of the action.
59
You don't see the beginning or the end necessarily.
60
You see the internal constituency, the internal texture of the event.
61
This is the imperfective aspect.
62
In English, we often use the ing form for this.
63
I was writing the book.
64
I was eating the book.
65
This distinction is the foundation of almost everything we do with verbs.
66
But where it gets really interesting is how different languages choose to mark these categories.
67
In English, we're actually a bit of a strange outlier.
68
We love the progressive aspect, that am doing or was doing construction.
69
We use it constantly to show that an action is currently unfolding.
70
By the way, see how am doing is the present tense and was doing is the past tense?
71
This stuff is distinct from tense and can overlap with, interact with, or totally ignore tense.
72
Some languages like
73
Mandarin don't even have tenses at all.
74
If you want to say when something happened, you legit just say when it happened or will happen, but the aspect marker doesn't change.
75
All you students of Mandarin out there, le is not a past tense marker.
76
But also there's a conceptual reason we might think of one as related to the other.
77
Perfective aspect for things that are done
78
and dusted is just statistically more likely to co-occur with things
79
that happened in the past than things that will happen to completion in the future.
80
That's how Hebrew switched from a spectral system in Biblical Hebrew to a tense system in Modern Hebrew,
81
starting sometime maybe in the Mishinaic period and running to completion sometime around the 1500s, but definitely before what we think of as Modern Hebrew.
82
There's a lot of weird conspiracy theories online that are totally unhinged, so if you want a rundown of the history of Hebrew,
83
check out my video on that, link in the description.
84
Anyway, if you look at a language like Russian, aspect is the absolute king of the grammar system.
85
Forget case marking.
86
Slavic aspect is the final boss.
87
Almost every verb in Russian comes in a pair, except verbs of motion which come in even more groupings.
88
Some say too many.
89
But for those pairs, there's a perfective version and an imperfective version.
90
You can't even say the word to eat without first deciding
91
if you're talking about the process of eating or the result of having finished the meal.
92
And then there's the habitual aspect.
93
This is a subtype of the imperfective.
94
If I say I used to walk to work, I'm not talking about one specific walk.
95
I'm talking about a pattern of behavior that's stretched across time.
96
In those days, I walked to work.
97
Does the same thing with the simple past, but it adds a phrase that gives you the right reading.
98
Used to is just a grammatical structure that encodes the habituality.
99
Some languages have a specific piece of morphology, a little prefix or suffix that they stick onto the verb solely to signal,
100
hey, this isn't a one-time thing.
101
It's a habit.
102
In African American English, it's been argued for almost 60 years that one function of so-called invariant B, as in he be working every week,
103
is as a habituality marker in the present tense by analogy with like used to.
104
Although I just read a fantastic 2019 dissertation that makes a very interesting argument for a different interpretation.
105
I've got a video on that.
106
Link is in the description.
107
And I'll link at the end too.
108
Be sure to check it out.
109
Now, why does this matter?
110
Why did Comrie and other linguists spend hundreds of pages and decades of their careers obsessing over this?
111
One answer is because aspect allows us to zoom in and zoom out on life.
112
Think about how we tell stories.
113
We use the imperfective to set the scene, the background of the movie.
114
The sun was shining, the birds were singing, and I was drinking my coffee.
115
These are ongoing states.
116
Then we use the perfective to trigger the action or the foreground.
117
Suddenly, the phone rang.
118
By switching aspects, you're telling the listener's brain which information is just the background and which information is the plot moving forward.
119
Without aspect, our stories would be just a flat list of facts with no rhythm or depth.
120
What always messed me up at first was the fact that basically anything can be either, depending on your framing.
121
So when I said, suddenly the phone rang, I can continue, the phone was ringing when I dropped my coffee.
122
It's the same event in the world, the same instance of the phone ringing,
123
but I choose how to represent it in terms of duration and relationship to other events.
124
One of the trickiest things about learning a new language is realizing
125
that they don't all draw the lines in the same place.
126
Some languages, like
127
Mandarin Chinese, don't use tense at all.
128
They don't change the verb for past or future.
129
Instead, they rely entirely on aspect particles like le or zhe to tell you if an action is completed or ongoing.
130
They care way more about the shape of the event than the date on the calendar.
131
And by care, I mean encode in the grammar.
132
You can absolutely just tell somebody the date on the calendar or use a deictic term like yesterday or tomorrow.
133
That's what people actually do.
134
So the next time you're writing a text or telling a story, pay attention to your verbs.
135
Are you looking at the parade from the sidewalk or from the skyscraper?
136
Did I just help you ace high school Spanish?
137
Probably.
138
Once you start seeing aspect, you realize that language is constantly shifting focus to show us how life actually feels as it unfolds.
139
That's what we're using language to do.
140
And the reason people like Comrie study it is
141
that there's a lot to be learned from how languages choose to encode some information and not other information.
142
How they force us to attend to certain aspects of our actions and our lives, pun very much intended.
143
Which language's aspect system has been the hardest for you to wrap your head around, and why is it Russian?
144
For me, it's always the Slavic perfective pairs,
145
especially once you get into verbs of motion where it matters whether everybody is going in the same direction
146
or whether it's one-way trip or a two-way trip.
147
Let me know in the comments below.
148
Hit the like button if you learned something new about your own speech today.
149
And don't forget to subscribe.
150
If you like what I'm doing with the channel,
151
you can always support it right here on YouTube with super thanks or over on Patreon at patreon.com slash languagejones.
152
Please leave me a comment.
153
They are great for the algorithm.
154
And until next time, happy learning.
アプリをダウンロード
流暢に話すために必要なすべて
AI発音採点文ごとに採点
IPA練習すべての音をマスター
単語学習自分の単語帳を作る
単語ゲーム遊びながら覚える
同じチャンネル
FOR YOU
おすすめ動画
C11
74 文
LangChain in 5 Minutes (Explained Clearly)
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
238 文
The Problem with ANGLISH (the de-Frenchified Version of English)
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
53 文
Why Do You Lose Track of Time When You’re Having Fun?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
54 文
Living with Machines: The language of mechanisation
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C126
180 文
Podcast Nâng Cao - Cùng Mình Nói Về Tiền | Học 37 Từ Vựng Hàng Ngày | Tập 23
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
56 文
Phonetics and Phonology: Introduction
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
106 文
Why Some People Become Fluent — and Others Stay Stuck
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B11
111 文
Learn All English Verb Tenses (Easiest Method)
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C116
224 文
How to Talk About TV Shows in English - Spoken English Lesson
British AccentDaily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
131 文
2021w gillian tett 002 5000k
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B211
58 文
The different levels of how Claude thinks
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「How do some languages not have tense?」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：aspect, language, tense, verb, event。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が154文、単語が1769語あります。 音声の長さは8:56です。 話す速さは速く、1分あたり約198語です。音のつながりや弱く発音される音が多くなります。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は81%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| aspect 名詞 | /ˈæspɛkt/ | 様相 |
| tense 名詞 | /tɛns/ | 時制 |
| verb 名詞 | /vɝb/ | 動詞 |
| parade 名詞 | /pəˈrɑd/ | パレード, 行進 |
| calendar 名詞 | /ˈkæl.ən.də/ | 暦, カレンダー |
| habit 名詞 | /ˈhæb.ɪt/ | 習慣 |
| completion 名詞 | /kəmˈpliː.ʃən/ | 完了, 完成 |
| grammar 名詞 | /ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/ | 文法 |
| sometime 副詞 | /ˈsʌmˌtaɪm/ | いつか |
| flexible 形容詞 | /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/ | 柔軟な |
| subscribe 動詞 | /səbˈskɹaɪb/ | 購読する |
| zoom 動詞 | /zuːm/ | 猛スピードで進む |
| constituency 名詞 | /kənˈstɪt͡ʃu.ənsi/ | 選挙区 |
| sidewalk 名詞 | /ˈsaɪdwɔk/ | 歩道, 舗道 |
| topic 名詞 | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | 話題, テーマ |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| check out 動詞 | 試験する, 検査する |
繰り返し練習したい文
動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。
- If you're new to the channel, welcome.
- I'm the customer, not the product.
- To visualize this, imagine you're looking at a parade.
- You're not interested in who's going by right now.
- You don't see the beginning or the end necessarily.
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 「used to」 used to + 動詞 — 今はもう違う過去の習慣や状態 | used to walk · Used to is |
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | been argued · is completed · be learned |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | it's been argued · has been |
注意したい発音
話し手はyou're, don't, I'mなど、短縮形や弱形を38回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「th」の音: thick /θɪk/, rhythm /ˈɹɪð.əm/, algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, thriller /ˈθɹɪ.lə/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: completion /kəmˈpliː.ʃən/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, shine /ʃaɪn/, duration /dʒʊˈɹeɪ.ʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: constituency /kənˈstɪt͡ʃu.ənsi/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, conspiracy /kənˈspɪɹəsi/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, rely /ɹɪˈlaɪ/, relate /ɹɪˈleɪt/, algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, thriller /ˈθɹɪ.lə/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: verb /vɝb/, progressive /pɹəˈɡɹɛsɪv/, versus /ˈvɝsəs/, overlap /ˌəʊvəˈlæp/, perfective /pə(ɹ)ˈfɛktɪv/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: flexible /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/, phrase /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/, float /fləʊt/, notification /ˌnoʊtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/, perfective /pə(ɹ)ˈfɛktɪv/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。aspect, tense, verbなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。