쉐도잉 연습: How do some languages not have tense? - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
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If I asked you to explain the difference between I ate dinner and I was eating dinner,
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you'd probably tell me they both happened in the past, and you'd be right.
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In linguistics, we call the when of a sentence tense.
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But there's a second, much more subtle layer of meaning hidden in those sentences
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that English speakers use every day without ever realizing it.
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Bernard Comrie still has the classic definition of it from his 1976 sequel to his high-stakes nail-biting thriller,
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Tense, where he explains it simply as the internal temporal constituency of a situation.
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And some languages use it without ever using tense at all.
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In plain English, it's called aspect.
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If you're new to the channel, welcome.
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I'm Dr. Taylor Jones.
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I've got a PhD in linguistics from the University of Pennsylvania.
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And on the channel, I discuss everything relating to language, linguistics, language learning, and culture.
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If you're into those topics, be sure to subscribe and ring the bell for notifications.
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Today, we're talking about what's weirdly one of the hardest concepts for people to get.
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This is Language Jones.
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I bought Airfare to Italy last month, and my old move would have been to just not look at my accounts for a while.
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Instead, I opened Monarch.
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One clean dashboard.
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Accounts, spending, net worth, debt payoff progress, recurring bills, all in one view.
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No hopping between four banking apps to piece it all together.
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Setup was fast.
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Monarch syncs with over 13,000 institutions, so my banks, credit cards, and brokerage all connected securely in one sitting.
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What I actually needed to know was whether that purchase set me back.
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Monarch's AI pulled from my real financial data and explained what changed.
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Two minutes, no spreadsheet.
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The budgeting's flexible, not rigid.
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Fixed versus flexible spending, my own rules and categories.
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And if you're managing money with a partner, you both see the same picture.
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No ads, no selling my data.
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I'm the customer, not the product.
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And it's the same experience on web and mobile.
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Monarch.com in the description, use my promo code or scan the QR code on screen.
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Now back to the video.
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Okay, so what the fuck is Aspect?
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As with most linguistics jargon, the name sounds kind of made up.
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While tense tells you when something happened, past, present, or future, aspect tells you how that event occupies mental time.
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Is it a single completed point?
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Is it an ongoing process?
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Is it a habit that happens over and over?
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Today, we're going to look at the two core kinds of aspects that languages, from English to Russian to Mandarin, have to deal with.
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The perfective and the imperfective.
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To visualize this, imagine you're looking at a parade.
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If you're standing on a skyscraper, looking down at the entire parade route from start to finish, you see the parade as a single complete event.
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If you're looking down from the space station, the whole thing is an undisentanglable dot.
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This is the perfective aspect.
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You aren't interested in the individual dancers, the specific timing of the drums.
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You're not interested in who's going by right now.
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That question doesn't even make sense.
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Instead, you're looking at the event as an unanalyzable black box or a single dot on a timeline.
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In English, we usually show this with a simple past.
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I wrote the book.
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I read the book.
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I ate the book.
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It's done.
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The concept's a whole.
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But now imagine you're standing on the sidewalk right in the middle of the noise of that parade.
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You see the floats passing by, you see the movement, and you're right in the thick of the action.
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You don't see the beginning or the end necessarily.
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You see the internal constituency, the internal texture of the event.
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This is the imperfective aspect.
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In English, we often use the ing form for this.
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I was writing the book.
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I was eating the book.
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This distinction is the foundation of almost everything we do with verbs.
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But where it gets really interesting is how different languages choose to mark these categories.
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In English, we're actually a bit of a strange outlier.
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We love the progressive aspect, that am doing or was doing construction.
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We use it constantly to show that an action is currently unfolding.
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By the way, see how am doing is the present tense and was doing is the past tense?
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This stuff is distinct from tense and can overlap with, interact with, or totally ignore tense.
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Some languages like
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Mandarin don't even have tenses at all.
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If you want to say when something happened, you legit just say when it happened or will happen, but the aspect marker doesn't change.
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All you students of Mandarin out there, le is not a past tense marker.
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But also there's a conceptual reason we might think of one as related to the other.
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Perfective aspect for things that are done
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and dusted is just statistically more likely to co-occur with things
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that happened in the past than things that will happen to completion in the future.
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That's how Hebrew switched from a spectral system in Biblical Hebrew to a tense system in Modern Hebrew,
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starting sometime maybe in the Mishinaic period and running to completion sometime around the 1500s, but definitely before what we think of as Modern Hebrew.
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There's a lot of weird conspiracy theories online that are totally unhinged, so if you want a rundown of the history of Hebrew,
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check out my video on that, link in the description.
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Anyway, if you look at a language like Russian, aspect is the absolute king of the grammar system.
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Forget case marking.
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Slavic aspect is the final boss.
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Almost every verb in Russian comes in a pair, except verbs of motion which come in even more groupings.
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Some say too many.
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But for those pairs, there's a perfective version and an imperfective version.
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You can't even say the word to eat without first deciding
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if you're talking about the process of eating or the result of having finished the meal.
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And then there's the habitual aspect.
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This is a subtype of the imperfective.
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If I say I used to walk to work, I'm not talking about one specific walk.
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I'm talking about a pattern of behavior that's stretched across time.
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In those days, I walked to work.
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Does the same thing with the simple past, but it adds a phrase that gives you the right reading.
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Used to is just a grammatical structure that encodes the habituality.
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Some languages have a specific piece of morphology, a little prefix or suffix that they stick onto the verb solely to signal,
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hey, this isn't a one-time thing.
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It's a habit.
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In African American English, it's been argued for almost 60 years that one function of so-called invariant B, as in he be working every week,
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is as a habituality marker in the present tense by analogy with like used to.
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Although I just read a fantastic 2019 dissertation that makes a very interesting argument for a different interpretation.
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I've got a video on that.
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Link is in the description.
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And I'll link at the end too.
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Be sure to check it out.
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Now, why does this matter?
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Why did Comrie and other linguists spend hundreds of pages and decades of their careers obsessing over this?
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One answer is because aspect allows us to zoom in and zoom out on life.
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Think about how we tell stories.
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We use the imperfective to set the scene, the background of the movie.
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The sun was shining, the birds were singing, and I was drinking my coffee.
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These are ongoing states.
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Then we use the perfective to trigger the action or the foreground.
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Suddenly, the phone rang.
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By switching aspects, you're telling the listener's brain which information is just the background and which information is the plot moving forward.
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Without aspect, our stories would be just a flat list of facts with no rhythm or depth.
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What always messed me up at first was the fact that basically anything can be either, depending on your framing.
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So when I said, suddenly the phone rang, I can continue, the phone was ringing when I dropped my coffee.
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It's the same event in the world, the same instance of the phone ringing,
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but I choose how to represent it in terms of duration and relationship to other events.
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One of the trickiest things about learning a new language is realizing
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that they don't all draw the lines in the same place.
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Some languages, like
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Mandarin Chinese, don't use tense at all.
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They don't change the verb for past or future.
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Instead, they rely entirely on aspect particles like le or zhe to tell you if an action is completed or ongoing.
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They care way more about the shape of the event than the date on the calendar.
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And by care, I mean encode in the grammar.
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You can absolutely just tell somebody the date on the calendar or use a deictic term like yesterday or tomorrow.
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That's what people actually do.
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So the next time you're writing a text or telling a story, pay attention to your verbs.
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Are you looking at the parade from the sidewalk or from the skyscraper?
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Did I just help you ace high school Spanish?
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Probably.
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Once you start seeing aspect, you realize that language is constantly shifting focus to show us how life actually feels as it unfolds.
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That's what we're using language to do.
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And the reason people like Comrie study it is
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that there's a lot to be learned from how languages choose to encode some information and not other information.
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How they force us to attend to certain aspects of our actions and our lives, pun very much intended.
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Which language's aspect system has been the hardest for you to wrap your head around, and why is it Russian?
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For me, it's always the Slavic perfective pairs,
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especially once you get into verbs of motion where it matters whether everybody is going in the same direction
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or whether it's one-way trip or a two-way trip.
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Let me know in the comments below.
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Hit the like button if you learned something new about your own speech today.
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And don't forget to subscribe.
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If you like what I'm doing with the channel,
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you can always support it right here on YouTube with super thanks or over on Patreon at patreon.com slash languagejones.
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Please leave me a comment.
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They are great for the algorithm.
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And until next time, happy learning.
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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트
이 말하기 레슨은 영상 “How do some languages not have tense?”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: aspect, language, tense, verb, event. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 154개와 단어 1769개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 8:56입니다. 화자는 분당 약 198단어로 빠르게 말하므로 연음과 약하게 발음되는 소리가 많습니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 81%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.
이 영상의 핵심 어휘
영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 단어 | 발음 | 뜻 |
|---|---|---|
| aspect 명사 | /ˈæspɛkt/ | 양상 |
| tense 명사 | /tɛns/ | 시제 |
| verb 명사 | /vɝb/ | 동사 |
| parade 명사 | /pəˈrɑd/ | 행렬, 퍼레이드 |
| ongoing 형용사 | /ɒnˈɡəʊ.ɪŋ/ | 지속적인 |
| calendar 명사 | /ˈkæl.ən.də/ | 역법, 력법 |
| habit 명사 | /ˈhæb.ɪt/ | 습관, 버릇 |
| grammar 명사 | /ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/ | Korean: 문법, 문법학 |
| sometime 부사 | /ˈsʌmˌtaɪm/ | 언젠가 |
| flexible 형용사 | /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/ | 유연한 |
| subscribe 동사 | /səbˈskɹaɪb/ | 구독하다 |
| constituency 명사 | /kənˈstɪt͡ʃu.ənsi/ | 선거구 |
| sidewalk 명사 | /ˈsaɪdwɔk/ | 보도, 인도 |
| topic 명사 | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | 화제, 주제 |
| ignore 동사 | /ɪɡˈnɔː/ | 무시하다 |
따라 말해 볼 만한 문장
영상에 나오는 짧고 완결된 문장으로, 일상 대화에서 그대로 쓸 수 있습니다:
- If you're new to the channel, welcome.
- I'm the customer, not the product.
- To visualize this, imagine you're looking at a parade.
- You're not interested in who's going by right now.
- You don't see the beginning or the end necessarily.
이 영상의 문법
화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 문형 | 영상 속 표현 |
|---|---|
| “used to” used to + 동사 — 지금은 아닌 과거의 습관이나 상태 | used to walk · Used to is |
| 수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점 | been argued · is completed · be learned |
| 현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때 | it's been argued · has been |
주의할 발음
화자는 you're, don't, I'm 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 38번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.
- “th” 소리: thick /θɪk/, rhythm /ˈɹɪð.əm/, algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, thriller /ˈθɹɪ.lə/
- “sh”와 “zh” 소리: completion /kəmˈpliː.ʃən/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, shine /ʃaɪn/, duration /dʒʊˈɹeɪ.ʃən/
- 긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: constituency /kənˈstɪt͡ʃu.ənsi/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, conspiracy /kənˈspɪɹəsi/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/
한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:
- /f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: flexible /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/, phrase /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/, float /fləʊt/, notification /ˌnoʊtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/, perfective /pə(ɹ)ˈfɛktɪv/
- /v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: verb /vɝb/, progressive /pɹəˈɡɹɛsɪv/, versus /ˈvɝsəs/, overlap /ˌəʊvəˈlæp/, perfective /pə(ɹ)ˈfɛktɪv/
- /z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: zoom /zuːm/, phrase /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/
이 영상으로 연습하는 방법
- 먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
- 0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
- 자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, aspect, tense, verb 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.