シャドーイング練習: How to study for exams - Evidence-based revision tips - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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Hey guys welcome back to the channel.
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If you're new here my name is Ali.
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I'm a final year medical student at Cambridge University
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and today we're kicking off a new series where I'm going to be sharing with you evidence-based revision tips.
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So I'm going to be giving you advice on how you can prepare for your exams
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but hopefully I'll be backing up everything I say with evidence from studies
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that have been done in the field of psychology on students like you and me over the last hundred years.
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No one ever really teaches us how to study.
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We tend to just go with what feels intuitively right.
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And as we'll see the research has shown that actually the techniques
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that students think are the most intuitive often tend not to be the ones that are actually the most effective.
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So if you've got exams coming up then hopefully by the end of this video you'll pick up some techniques
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that you can apply to your own studies to make everything a little bit more efficient and enjoyable.
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So let's just jump into it.
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This is going to be the structure of the video.
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Firstly I'm going to be talking about the three very popular revision techniques
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that are shown to be less effective in the literature namely re-reading, highlighting and making notes slash summarizing.
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Those are by far the most popular techniques but they're also not very effective if you look at the evidence behind them.
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Secondly I'm going to be introducing the concept of active recall
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which is by far the most powerful effective study technique and
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that involves like testing yourself and practicing retrieving information from your brain
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because the very act of retrieving information actually strengthens connections in the brain and there's like a load of evidence behind this.
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And finally in part three of the video I'll be giving
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you some specific tips on how you can actually apply this active recall thing to your own study
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so hopefully by the end of the video you'll have some practical strategies that you can apply if you feel like it.
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As always everything is gonna be timestamped down below so
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if you want to skip to a certain bit of the video feel free
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but Now let's jump into it and let's talk about the three common
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but not very effective revision techniques that students love to use.
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Let's start with rereading.
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Over here is going to be a list of some of the various studies
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that have been done that show that students really love rereading as like a really common revision technique.
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And if you, you know, look at what you've done for your own exams and ask your friends, you'll probably find out that rereading plays a big part of most people's exam preparation strategy.
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The question is, is rereading effective as a study technique?
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There have been lots of studies done about this.
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I will link some of them in the description below but I'm not gonna go into each of them in depth.
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Instead I'm gonna be quoting from a paper written by Professor Dunlosky
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which was written in 2013 where he
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and his colleagues analyzed like hundreds of papers looking at all the research behind 10 different revision techniques
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and this is what he had to say on the topic of rereading.
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He said based on the available evidence, we rate rereading as having low utility.
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Although rereading is relatively economical with respect to time demands, when compared with other learning techniques, rereading is also typically much less effective.
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The relative disadvantage of rereading to other techniques is the largest strike against it
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and it's the factor that weighted most heavily in our decision to assign it a rating of low utility.
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So this professor who's a psychology professor and he
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and his colleagues have looked at hundreds of research papers looking at evidence-based revision techniques regards rereading your notes
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or rereading your textbooks as having low utility.
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He's saying that yeah there's some limited evidence that rereading does work, it does improve retention somewhat, but especially if you compare it to other techniques that you could be doing, rereading is pretty much a waste of time.
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Here's another quote from a 2016 paper
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that again looked at the evidence behind lots of study techniques and this is what they had to say about re-reading.
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They said a wealth of research has shown
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that passive repetitive reading produces little or no benefit for learning yet not only was repetitive reading the most frequently listed strategy,
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it was also the strategy most often listed at students number one choice by a large margin.
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So that's what I'm going to say about re-reading for the time being.
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I'm very happy to discuss all the evidence against re-reading and against these other techniques.
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If you guys want to hear about that just leave a comment down below and I'll do it.
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But I want to focus on stuff you can do rather than kind of just hopping on the stuff
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that you shouldn't be doing.
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So we'll close that for now.
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Rereading, generally, according to the evidence, is pretty ineffective.
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It does sort of work
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but you know compared to other things you could be doing it's by no means the most efficient study tactic.
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Secondly let's talk about highlighting and either we highlight ourselves
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or we know friends who'd like to highlight their textbooks and their notes in pretty colours.
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Here is a list of studies that show
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that highlighting is a very popular revision strategy
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and I'll link these studies in the description below so if you really want to read them you can.
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But let's go back to Professor Dunlowski's paper where again he looked at all the evidence around these
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and this is what he had to say about highlighting and underlining.
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He said, on the basis of available evidence, we rate highlighting and underlining as having low utility.
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In most situations that have been examined and with most participants, highlighting does little to boost performance.
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It may help when students have the knowledge needed to highlight more effectively or when the texts are difficult.
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But it may actually hurt performance on higher level tasks that require inference making.
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Especially with art subjects at GCSE and most subjects at A level and definitely everything at undergrad, all of these subjects require inference making.
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So highlighting, Professor Dunlosky staying, probably not a very good tactic.
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He continues, he says, future research should be aimed at teaching students how to highlight effectively given
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that students are likely to continue to use this popular technique despite its relative ineffectiveness.
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So he's conceding in his paper that although you know the evidence shows that highlighting is not very good, to be honest students are probably going to continue using it.
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And later on in the paper he describes highlighting as a safety blanket that students like to have.
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I've experienced this, I'm sure you've experienced this as well.
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It feels productive doesn't it?
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Like you know going through a book and highlighting one thing in blue and one thing in yellow one thing in orange.
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I used to do it all the time
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but you know the evidence says it's not very good you know we could be doing more efficient things.
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Finally let's talk about summarizing or making notes.
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Again a really really popular technique
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that I have been using pretty much all my life
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and still use to this day but I'm trying to phase it out
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because the evidence around summarizing and making notes is you know a bit equivocal.
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There are some studies that show that students
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that do summarizing well perform slightly better on exams
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but it's really quite hard to test this
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because as you can imagine the quality of notes varies massively between students
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and so that makes it quite hard to actually test a proper rigorous scientific study about it.
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In any case Professor Dunlowski again he
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and his colleagues tried they looked at all the evidence around summarizing and making notes and this is what they said.
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On the basis of the available evidence we rate summarization as low utility.
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It can be an effective learning strategy for learners who are already skilled at summarizing.
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However many learners including children, high school students and even some undergraduates will require extensive training which makes the strategy less feasible.
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What they're is that if you already know how to effectively summarize and make notes, which you might well do although it tends not to be taught in schools or anything,
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if you already know that then okay summarization is probably gonna help you.
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But even if that's the case, even if you're already quite pro at summarizing, it still falls about the middle of the pack when compared to other more effective revision techniques.
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But I think in general the conclusion we should draw from this is
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that we are sort of wasting our time probably by making notes.
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Now that's not to say that if you enjoy making notes that you shouldn't do it.
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You know I enjoy making notes, I like having pretty colors, I like you know trying to do a bit of calligraphy on them, taking photos for the Instagram, my friends comment on like, oh your notes are so pretty.
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But to be honest, I wouldn't want to make notes thinking it's an effective revision strategy.
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And I know looking back on the school days, a lot of my friends who were really into their notes, you know, that have these massive blue folders for chemistry and have absolutely beautiful notes,
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those were the students that would spend hours and hours on a single topic and then
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complain sometimes about why stuff wasn't going in.
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So yeah, making notes, summarizing sort of works, probably doesn't, evidence is a bit iffy about it, I think we should be avoiding it personally based on based on the results of these review papers.
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Alright, just to sum up what we talked about so far, we've said that rereading, highlighting, underlining and summarizing are probably not very effective revision strategies based on the evidence.
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So yeah, if we want to make our revision more efficient, we probably shouldn't be doing these three things that we all we all like to do.
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We had a lecture about this in our second year of medicine
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and it was towards the end of the year
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when we had exams coming up and my mind was completely blown
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when I found out that highlighting and making notes was not very efficient.
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and talking to a lot of my friends, we were all absolutely aghast that like, you know, how could we have survived these 22 years of our life without knowing,
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you know, effective study techniques and that we felt
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that a lot of our own success in exams had been in spite of our revision techniques rather than because of them.
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So, you know, hopefully at this point you're thinking that, okay, maybe we should be spending a little bit less time doing rereading, highlighting and making notes.
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Let's now talk about active recall
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and active recall is by far the most important technique
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that you can and should be using in order to make your studies more efficient.
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Active recall or active retrieval or practice testing, whatever you want to call it, basically involves retrieving facts from your brain, retrieving stuff from your brain,
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because the very act of retrieving stuff from your brain actually strengthens the connections between the stuff in your brain.
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And this was quite counterintuitive to me, like for me anyway I'd always kind of assumed learning was
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this sort of process whereby you put stuff into your brain
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and the only purpose of getting stuff out of your brain was to ace
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that exam or get their A star or whatever.
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In fact this cannot be further from the truth
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and over a hundred years of research has shown that we learn far better by retrieving, practicing, retrieving stuff from our brains than by trying to you know put stuff back into our brains.
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So what's the evidence behind this?
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Let's go back to Professor Dunlosky's review paper, you know the one where he looked at hundreds of studies and you know decided that rereading, highlighting and summarizing weren't very good.
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This is what these guys had to say about practice recall, active recall, practice testing.
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They said, on the basis of the evidence described above we rate practice
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testing as having high utility practice testing is not particularly time intensive relative to other techniques
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and it can be implemented with minimal training.
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Finally, several studies have provided evidence for the efficacy of practice testing in representative educational contexts.
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So this review paper that's looked at loads of studies, again, they've said practice testing has very high utility and in fact
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if you read the paper in their conclusions they recommend that everyone, you know, start testing themselves more if they're not doing it enough already.
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Now because this is really really important I'm going to be sharing with you three different studies that actually show this properly.
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If you're already convinced by active recall at this point you can skip to this timestamp
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and then at this time stamp we'll just be talking about the specific strategies
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that you can use to implement active recall in your studies
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but if you're interested in the evidence then continue watching this video
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and I'll explain some of the studies that have been done
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that convincingly show that active recall is by far a better revision strategy than pretty much anything else you can do.
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So let's start with this study from 1939 the start of
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World War II you know this sort of research has been going back literally decades and decades.
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What they is that they got groups of students
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and they made them learn a topic and then gave them a test either a week later or a day later.
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Now half of these students just kind of studied the material as they normally would and these are their results.
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So you can see the results were on about 50% for the high achievers
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and around sort of 30% for the bottom third of the group as decided by some other outcome measure.
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So that was half of the group.
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They just studied the subject as they normally would have done
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and they got a test either a day later or a week later.
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Now the other half of the class studied the content in
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exactly the same way however they had a practice test at the end of it and these are their results.
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So as you can see the guys
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that had the practice test did far better you know it's
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an increase of like 15% for the high achievers an increase
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of like 10 to 15% for the for the bottom third of the class.
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Just having a practice test at the end of their study session improved their performance by 10 to 15%
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and I don't know about you but
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if I could improve my exam performance from by 10 to
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15% just by you know practice testing myself a bit at the end of each study session I would certainly take that.
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But that's just one study.
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Let's talk about another study, a more recent one.
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This one's from 2010 and again they split students up into two groups.
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One group we're going to have practice test
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and the other group we're just gonna restudy the material using whatever method they wanted,
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most likely rereading, highlighting and summarizing which as we've seen from other studies are the most popular revision techniques for students.
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And this study was interesting because it tested students on both the facts and concepts.
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Here is the group that just restudied the material normally and these are their results.
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So you know hovering between kind of 30 and 40 percent
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because they just studied the material once and then you know had a test a week later.
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And here is the group
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that study the material had a little practice test at the end of it
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and then had the same test a week later
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and these are their results
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and as you can see you know they're performing significantly better
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for some it's even increase of like 30% for the first group a difference between 30%
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and 60% and again I don't know about you but if I
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if I could get a 30% improvement in my exam score by practicing testing myself I would certainly take it
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and I would yeah be doubling down on that on
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that strategy as much as I possibly could finally this is
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one of my favorite studies this is done from 2011
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and what they did was they split students into four different groups they had to learn material
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and then had a test at the end like a week later or something like that.
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The first group was just supposed to study the text, the chapter, once.
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The second group was just supposed to study it four times.
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The third group read the text once and then made a mind map
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and the fourth group read the text once
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and then just tried to recall as much of the contents of the text as they possibly could.
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So we've got these four groups.
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Here are the results.
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So on verbatim questions, you know, questions specifically from the text about factual things mentioned in the text.
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The group that studied it once performed the worst.
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As you can see the active recall group performed significantly better than the group that's that restudied it four times.
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This kind of tells me that you know
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if I just practice testing myself once that's probably more effective than rereading this chapter four times
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and rereading a chapter four times is such a common strategy
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that you know it's pretty pretty insane
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that you can get better results by just testing yourself once
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or just reading it once and just trying to recall as much of it as you can.
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Okay so that was verbatim questions let's take these same groups of people
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and ask them inference questions so questions
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that require you to kind of understand the text a bit more not just retrieve isolated facts from it
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and here are their results As you can see, the group that studied it once performed the worst as you'd expect because they only studied it once.
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The active recall group performs the best and the other groups perform alright.
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Again, active recall, practicing just writing down as much as they could remember from the text, improved their results significantly more than the students that have read the text four times.
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So I think there's a pretty solid evidence that active recall is a really, really useful strategy.
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But these guys, being clever psychologists, they had a third phase of the study.
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And what they did was they, like, before doing any of this, they asked the students what they think the results of the study would be.
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So they asked the students to kind of have a guess at, you know, which of these techniques would be the most effective.
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And these are the results of that.
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So as you can see, the students rated repeated study as being the most useful technique, and they rated active recall as being probably the least effective one.
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So this kind of goes to show
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that our own intuitive idea of what makes a good study
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technique does not match up with the evidence at all we think
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that you know reading something over
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and over again of course that's gonna you know increase our understanding increase our retention of it
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But actually just reading it once and then just practicing testing ourselves It's just
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so much more efficient that is it's insane
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that this isn't taught in schools more often And there's a really good book called make it stick
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Which I'll link down in the description below and
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which will pop up over here
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that you can read more about These sorts of techniques
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if you want and they go into more in depth about the exact evidence behind these techniques
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But even then you know they say
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that the two most important things are active recall
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which we're talking about in this video and spaced repetition which we'll be talking about in the next video.
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Well, hopefully I've convinced you that rereading, highlighting and summarizing slash making notes are not very effective revision strategies as just by the evidence.
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Again links in the description below if you want to read it for yourself.
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And hopefully I've convinced you that active recall
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or practice testing is a really really useful technique and it's far more efficient than these other techniques that students enjoy using.
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Now we're going to be talking about specific strategies
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that you can use to apply active recall or practice testing in your own studies.
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And the first thing to say is that this is not really rocket science.
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Pretty much anything you do
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that requires you to use cognitive effort like use brain power to retrieve information that you have learned once already.
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Pretty much anything is gonna be really really efficient for you.
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But having said that I know a lot of you guys benefit from specific strategies.
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So here are three that I find useful personally.
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Number one is an app called Anki.
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Anki is a flashcard app that you might have heard of like loads of medical students use it.
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The idea behind that is that you make a flat like an online flashcard
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and then it comes up and in your like practice session.
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But the special thing about Anki is
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that once once a flashcard comes up You can mark it as being easy medium
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or hard and depending on what rating you gave it It comes up later on depending on what
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that rating was So
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if you found a fact really easy to recall Maybe they'd ask you again in a day
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if you found it hard to recall that ask you again in ten minutes
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If you found it impossible to recall that ask you again in one minute
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and this kind of learns from your behavior It kind of changes over time
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So as you progress through your studies as you progress through your revision some facts
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that are really easy you might see them in two months time
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because the whole algorithm changes and it really uses this whole spaced repetition thing to great effect.
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I think Anki is really good for two things.
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Firstly I think it's really good for memorizing particular facts.
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So I used it a lot for anatomy back in the
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day whereas you know what's the nerve supply for particular muscles things like
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that and I used it a lot for pharmacology
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so learning the names of drugs and what they do and what the mechanism of action is.
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In my third year
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when I was doing psychology as a subject I also used
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Anki like a lot to memorize particular paragraphs for to like slot into my essays.
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On one side of the flash I would have Karpicki
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and Blunt 2011 and on the other side of the flashcard I would describe the study
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that they did and the evidence behind it and what I was going to say about it.
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So therefore in the essay, in the exam, when I wanted to recall the Karpicki
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and Blunt study I would have kind of the information about it already memorised it.
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So I used it to memorise chunks that I could then drag and drop into my essays effectively.
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One of my friends is a Cambridge medic, he's got like first class every year, he uses Anki for pretty much everything and he said
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that he can't imagine getting through Cambridge without having used Anki
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and instead of making notes and lectures what he started doing now is just going directly to making the flashcard.
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So yeah if you're interested please do check out Anki, it's free I think you can pay a few pounds for the iOS version but even
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if you don't want to pay you can use the web version completely free of charge I'll link it here
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and in the description below.
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Secondly something that I like doing because I still can't quite break the habit
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that you know I enjoy making notes is that making notes with the book closed.
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So not like having the textbook open and making notes
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and making it all pretty and copying from the textbook like I used to do
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but actually like learning a topic and then closing the book
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and then thinking okay how would I explain this topic how
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would I kind of make my own notes on it
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so then I write down as much as I can remember
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about the topic in a nice fashion with like pretty colors
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because that makes me feel good and then afterwards I open the book and see the bits that I missed.
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And actually when I was preparing for my third year exams, in third year I did psychology, I ended up that was by far my best performance like ever in my life on any exams.
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And I think the reason behind that was that
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because I very aggressively used these two techniques of space repetition and active recall.
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So what I did I made about 50 different essay plans initially earlier on in the year
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and then in order to commit those to memory I just drew spider diagrams with the book closed.
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So I would have a spider diagram for each essay plan
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and I just draw out as much of it as I could possibly remember
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and then afterwards when I was done with it I'd look at my actual essay plan
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and fill out the bits that were missing and I repeated this over over the course of like two months
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leading up to the exams
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and by the end of it by the time the exam
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came around I had these 50 really really good essays in my head
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that had like 10 references each
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and was able to just kind of vomit them onto the paper in the actual exam so I would fully endorse
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this whole making nodes making spider diagrams with the book closed as being a really effective method of active recall
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and And there is actually some evidence behind this, again it's in the book Make It Stick.
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It's also in Professor Don Lofsky's paper, you can read it down below.
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Finally, I want to talk about a third strategy and that's an alternative to making notes.
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I know that this whole making notes thing, it's really hard to not make any notes.
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These days, if I'm in a lecture or if I want to learn something, instead of making notes from the lecture or from the textbook, what I instead do is that I write questions for myself.
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And I think this is called like the Cornell note-taking method, I came across that earlier today when researching stuff for this video.
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The idea is that you write questions for yourself based on the material such
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that when you revise the material You look at your questions
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and you try and actively answer them in your head
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or on paper or out loud or whatever The point is
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that instead of passively rereading
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or highlighting the information like we are tempted to do We
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have to engage in cognitive effort to retrieve this information from our brains
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and that Strengthens the connections between the information it makes us more likely to remember it
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and to understand it
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So I actually gave a talk about this evidence-based revision thing like three years ago
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when I was when I was a third year
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And a friend of mine who was a first year medic
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at the time after this talk He had about two months left until the exams
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and he decided
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that the only technique he was going to use was to just write questions for himself
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So for the entire Cambridge first year medical syllabus He wrote himself like a list of a hundred
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and something questions and each night before bed He would just kind of go through them
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and his revision technique was pretty much just answering these questions
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And he ended up coming second in the air out of like the whole cohort He's very intelligent in itself, but I
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but talking to him afterwards He he put a lot of faith in this method of writing questions for yourself
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because writing questions for yourself makes you engage in cognitive effort
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and kind of the more the more brain power it takes to recall a fact the better strength
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and that connection seems to get according to the evidence at least.
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So yeah instead of kind of writing notes from the textbook
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or from the revision guide
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or from the lecture notes maybe try this method where you're writing questions for yourself
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and then when you're revising the topic using hopefully spaced repetition
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which we'll talk about in the next video when you're
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when you're revising the topic then you can just answer the questions in your head
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and I find this to be a really really effective strategy
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for getting lots of information into your head very quickly and hopefully you can find it useful as well.
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So that brings us to the end of the video.
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I really hope you found some of this useful.
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Just to summarize, we've talked about why rereading, highlighting, underlining and summarizing slash making notes are probably not very efficient revision techniques.
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If you're using them, I'm not saying you're doing it wrong.
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I'm just saying that you know if you're using these techniques, which most of us do, and you think in yourself that your revision is not very effective or you're not really getting the results that you want, then maybe it's time to rethink some of these strategies.
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Feel free to continue using them, but you know what I would say is that use them but alongside do practice testing, test yourself more and then use space repetition and interleaved practice.
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Those are the three things we'll be talking about in future videos as well.
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So yeah hopefully you found this video useful.
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We talked about why those three particular strategies are not very effective.
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We talked about some of the evidence behind active recall.
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I quoted three studies at you
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and I've given you lots of links in the in the description below if you want to read more about this.
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The book Make It Stick is really good as well
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and there's also a few podcast episodes
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that I've been listening to recently in preparation for this video
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that I'll link below so you can find loads
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and loads of people around the world who've looked at all the evidence who are saying exactly the same thing.
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They're saying that most revision techniques students like to use, like rereading, underlining and making notes, are not very effective and they're saying that by far the most effective techniques are active recall and spaced repetition.
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So hopefully you can apply those to your to your own revision
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and I've given you three possible ways to do it
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but to be honest pretty much anything that you do
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that requires you to retrieve information from your brain is going to be an effective revision strategy.
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So yeah, I really hope you like this video.
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Thank you very much for watching.
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If you liked the video, if you found it useful, please give a thumbs up or or leave a comment down below.
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That would be really nice.
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If you have any questions at all, again, leave a comment down below and I'll try and be as evidence-based as I can in my answers to you guys.
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So yeah, thanks very much for watching.
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Please subscribe to the channel if you are not already subscribed
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and I will see you in the next video and all the best with your revision.
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I really hope you smash it.
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Bye-bye.
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この動画が英語スピーキング練習に最適な理由
この動画は、日常的な会話スタイルで話されているため、shadowspeak（シャドースピーク）の練習にぴったりです。Aliさんの口調は自然で抑揚があり、リスニングだけでなく発音やリズムの習得にも役立ちます。特にIELTSスピーキング対策を考えると、「証拠に基づいた学習法」などの専門的な内容も含まれているので、論理的な話し方を練習できるのもポイントです。
自然な表現を分解してみよう
- 「Hey guys welcome back to the channel.」：このような前置きは親しみやすく、会話の始まりをスムーズにします。「guys」はフレンドリーな呼びかけで、日常英語でよく使われます。
- 「No one ever really teaches us how to study.」：「ever really」の使い方が自然で、「本当に誰も教えてくれない」というニュアンスを強調しています。否定文での副詞の位置も参考になります。
- 「So if you've got exams coming up then hopefully by the end of this video you'll pick up some techniques.」：「so」で文を繋ぎ、「hopefully」で期待感を表し、「pick up」で「習得する」という軽い表現を使っています。これらのフレーズはスピーキングで頻繁に使えます。
簡単なshadowspeaks練習ルーティン
まず、動画を10秒ずつ再生し、すぐにその後に自分で同じ内容を話してみましょう（shadowspeakの基本）。録音して自分の発音とリズムを確認し、「rereading」のような単語の発音がはっきりしているかどうかチェックします。次に、30秒ずつのセクションに挑戦し、「the relative disadvantage of rereading」のような長いフレーズもスムーズに話せるようになるまで繰り返します。1日10分、1週間続けると、自然な英語の流れが身につき、IELTSスピーキング対策にも大きな効果がありますよ。
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 現在完了進行形 have/has been + -ing — 以前に始まり今も続いている動作 | have been using · has been going · I've been listening |
| 「used to」 used to + 動詞 — 今はもう違う過去の習慣や状態 | used to do |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | have been done · has shown · you've done |
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | have been done · are shown · be timestamped |
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。