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The best way to improve your language skills is through reading stories.

My name is Eric, I'm an English teacher, and today I'm going to continue to read this very famous book with you.

This is Animal Farm by George Orwell.

This video is part two of the series on Animal Farm.

If you like this video, you can subscribe to the channel, you can comment below letting me know where you're watching from,

and let's continue our story.

So in the first part of chapter one, we were introduced to some of the animals on the farm.

First, we met Mr. Jones and Mrs. Jones, who are the owners of the farm.

He's the farmer and his wife.

And we also met some of the animals.

So Old Major was the one who was speaking here.

Old Major is the pig, the boar, that is the male pig, who is talking to all the other animals.

These animals have gathered together to listen to Major's speech.

And we don't know what

Major's going to talk about.

So let's resume.

We're in chapter one.

We're on page three now.

All the animals were now present except Moses, the tame raven, who slept on a perch behind the back door.

When Major saw that they had all made themselves comfortable and were waiting attentively, he cleared his throat and began.

So, all the animals were now present except Moses, the tame raven.

What is tame?

Tame is the opposite of wild.

So it's useful to learn pairs of opposites.

We have tame and we have wild.

So wild animals are independent.

They live in nature.

They live in forests.

They don't live in people's houses.

Tame animals are like your cat or your dog.

They are domesticated animals.

Ravens are a large black bird, like a crow, except bigger and even more intelligent.

So here, Moses is a tame raven.

Ravens are usually not tame, but in this case, Moses is he slept on a perch behind the back door.

A perch is a place where a bird can sit.

A perch might look something like this.

And you have a bird sitting here.

That's a perch.

So he's sitting on the perch, sleeping behind the back door.

When Major saw, they'd all made themselves comfortable and were waiting attentively.

Attentively.

So attentive is our adjective and attent there we could call the root.

And so attention, right?

So attentively means you're giving attention to something.

So just like we're paying attention to this book right now, I'm reading attentively, you're listening and reading attentively.

He cleared his throat.

That's clearing your throat.

So he's getting people's attention and he's ready to begin.

Comrades, you have heard already about the strange dream that I had last night, but I will come to the dream later.

Comrades.

This is an interesting choice of words.

A comrade is someone who's on your team, who's doing the same thing that you are,

who you have some connection to.

So it could be someone who's a part of the same group as you

or who has the same ideas that you have, but really this is a military term.

It has a very military connotation,

but it's also a term in English that is heavily associated with communism.

So this is a very loaded word.

If we say that a word is loaded, it has a lot of meaning.

Loaded has a lot of meaning.

so there's many ways to understand this book

and one of them is in a political way we don't need to get into

that but you will see what Orwell wants to say through this book this at minimum, is a very military term.

Comrades.

Comrades, you have heard already about the strange dream that I had last night, but I will come to the dream later.

Come in his speech, so he will talk about it later.

I have something else to say first.

I do not think, comrades, that I shall be with you for many months longer,

and before I die, I feel it my duty to pass on to you such wisdom as I have acquired.

So it's a very clear short sentences but here I feel it my duty.

So this is interesting grammar here.

I feel it my duty.

So what is the it?

Always ask what is it doing.

So here there's something that's implied to be.

I feel it to be my duty.

I feel that my duty is to pass on to you such wisdom as I have acquired.

So feel is one of these words that can trigger this kind of grammar.

I feel it my duty.

So I feel it is my duty is what is implied here or to be.

So both of those would work.

It is.

I feel it is my duty.

I feel that it is my duty.

I feel it to be my duty.

Those are all different ways of saying the same thing.

and to pass on that's a phrasal verb to pass on

which means to transfer to hand over to give to especially the next generation

so a grandfather might pass on information to his granddaughter

or a mother could pass on some tradition in the family to her children.

So pass on such wisdom as I have acquired.

So here such goes with as I have acquired.

That's telling us what this wisdom is.

It's the wisdom that he's gotten.

Such here is like whatever wisdom that is, such wisdom as I have acquired.

Acquired is just a fancier way of saying gotten, gotten.

In British English, got.

Let's talk about that for a second.

You have get, got, got.

100

That's British English.

101

In America, we keep the older third form, gotten, gotten.

102

And notice as well that when I say this, something happens in the pronunciation.

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Gotten.

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Gotten.

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Where's the T?

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Where's the T?

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Gotten.

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Gotten.

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You can hear that in words like button, mountain.

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And these are normal changes in pronunciation in North America.

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That's not just my accent.

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That's many, many people in North America.

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You might hear people say gotten, gotten with a r sound, which is a d sound, basically.

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Gotten.

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But many, many people would say gotten, gotten.

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And we'll come back to that.

117

We'll come back to that pronunciation.

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But Here, get, got, got in UK English, or get, got, gotten in the US.

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Orwell was from England, so the language of this book is more British.

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But of course, my accent is a general

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North American accent because I am from Canada.

122

I have had a long life.

123

I have had much time for thought as I lay alone in my stall.

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And I think that I may say

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that I understand the nature of life on this earth as well as any animal now living.

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It is about this that I wish to speak to you.

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So he's had a lot of time as he lay alone in his stall.

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His stall is his room as an animal.

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It's not really a room, but that's where animals sleep and where they live in the barn is called a stall.

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And I think I may say that I understand the nature of life on this Earth.

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So notice here, this is a cultural point as well as a linguistic point,

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I think I may say that I understand the nature of life on this earth as well as any animal now living.

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So he's saying he understands.

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This is a very confident statement.

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I understand the nature of life on this earth as well as, as good as any animal now living.

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So because this is so strong, this statement, I understand it as well as everybody else.

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He softens it by saying, I think, and I may say.

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This is something

139

that we'll see in this book quite often is using words

140

to soften what we say in order not to seem quite as confident, even if we are confident.

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It's part of British culture, it's part of Canadian culture too, and America as well sometimes.

142

And again, wish here means want.

143

Now comrades, what is the nature of this life of ours?

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Let us face it, our lives are miserable,

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laborious and short the nature of this life of ours this is not nature like the forests

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and the mountains and the rivers

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and the trees this is the nature of something specific

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so the nature of something specific is what it is

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so i have a nature you have a nature

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it's it's who we are it's the deepest way of thinking

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about what something really is what is the nature of life how can we understand

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or speak about life what is the character of life of this life of ours

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let us face it our lives are miserable miserable laborious and short miserable.

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Miserable could mean sad.

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We could think of it that way, but it's more than that.

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It's something like pitiable.

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Pitiable.

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Let's go miserable.

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Sad.

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Pitiable.

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We can have pity on this thing.

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Not good.

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Miserable.

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Not good laborious.

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You can see the word labor in there.

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So if something's laborious, it involves a lot of work.

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Let us.

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Let us.

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Let us is also written as let's.

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So we should do this.

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If I say, let's go or let's read.

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I'm saying, let us read, as in we should read.

173

So he's saying, we need to accept this fact.

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Life is miserable, laborious, and short.

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We are born.

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We are given just so much food as we'll keep the breath in our bodies.

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And those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength.

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There's a semicolon there.

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We'll use that as our division.

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So let's go back.

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Just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies.

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So just here means only, only as much food as is needed to keep us alive,

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to keep the breath in our bodies.

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Breath is breathing, right?

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A breath is and you can hear that here breath has a sound.

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That's a like this, an unvoiced TH sound, but if I add the E,

187

we would have breathe, which would have the VVV sound.

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Those are two different sounds.

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It's an interesting thing to study for pronunciation.

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I would recommend that you look at that, the difference between breath and breathe, and really think about those two different TH sounds.

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Many people don't know English actually has two different TH sounds go

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and check that out so and those of us who are capable of it what's the it

193

okay we need to see what comes next

194

that's going to tell us are forced to work to the

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last atom of our strength those who are capable of work of doing work to the last atom of our strength.

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An atom being one of the smallest units of analysis of the universe.

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So we use all of our strength.

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And the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end, we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty.

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So at the very moment, very instant, that usefulness, of course, You can see usefulness.

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If something's useful, you can use it.

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Of course, usefulness is the noun.

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So at that moment, when we are not useful anymore, we could add a comma there, which could help us to understand that.

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We are slaughtered.

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Slaughtered.

205

Slaughtered.

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Both pronunciations would be fine.

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With hideous cruelty. So, slaughtered.

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that is cut apart.

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To slaughter an animal is to kill it and cut it into pieces.

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To kill and cut up into pieces.

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So if an animal is going to be eaten, it's cut up into pieces.

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It is slaughtered.

213

We could add the word butcher there for the cut up part, but slaughtering usually entails the cutting up as well.

214

With hideous cruelty, hideous is ugly.

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And in this sense, it's not ugly in terms of the way something looks.

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It's ugly in terms of the morality, the ethics, because we have the word cruelty.

217

Cruelty is about being extremely unkind.

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Extremely unkind.

219

No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old.

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So leisure is free time.

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Leisure is another way to say it.

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Both are fine.

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So after one year, The animals are not free anymore

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No animal in England is free

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The life of an animal is misery and slavery

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That is the plain truth

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So if we look here

228

We've got misere

229

This goes way back into Latin But we can look at it here

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Miserable This has to do with pity again

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So something is so sad, so unfortunate that we can pity it.

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So misery is a strong kind of unhappiness.

233

Misery.

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But is this simply part of the order of nature?

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So this here connects back to what we've said here.

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Is that part of nature, the order of nature?

237

Is it because this land of ours is so poor

238

that it cannot afford a decent life to those who dwell upon it.

239

So again, the it here is the misery and slavery of the animals.

240

It's so poor that it cannot afford a decent life to afford to.

241

So afford today usually is just used with an infinitive,

242

like to afford to buy something, like a pen or something, means you have enough money to buy the thing.

243

Or it could be, I can afford the pen, means I have enough money to buy the pen.

244

But afford is not always money.

245

You can afford time.

246

And so if you think about that, can the land give a decent life to those who dwell upon it?

247

What is dwelling?

248

To dwell is to live,

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to inhabit, live in a place, to dwell.

250

There's other meanings, but this is the meaning here.

251

Those who dwell upon it.

252

Upon, just an older word for on.

253

So is the misery and slavery of animals just because the land is poor?

254

It's of poor quality?

255

No, comrades, a thousand times no. The soil of England is fertile.

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Its climate is good.

257

It is capable of affording food in abundance to an enormously greater number of animals than now inhabit it.

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The soil.

259

Soil is like...

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Dirt.

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Well, it is.

262

It is.

263

But dirt has a slightly more negative connotation.

264

So soil is more positive for growing things in the soil.

265

Dirt would be, you know, I have some dirt under my fingers.

266

I should go wash my hands.

267

My hands are clean.

268

But you see what I mean.

269

Dirt is a little more negative.

270

Fertile means it can produce food.

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Its climate is good.

272

It is capable of affording food.

273

There's afford again in that other sense.

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This is not about money.

275

It's about providing food.

276

In abundance, so a lot.

277

Abundance is when there's a lot of something to an enormously greater number of animals than now inhabited.

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So greater number than now inhabited.

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So the land is not poor.

280

It's the opposite.

281

It could produce a lot more food, so much more food.

282

And so it could have a much larger number of animals on it,

283

enormous is a word for big, so this is great, something like much.

284

You could think of that as much, much, much greater, much, much greater.

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This single farm of ours would support a dozen horses, of course a dozen, is 12, right?

286

12. A dozen horses, 20 cows,

287

hundreds of sheep, and all of them living in a comfort and a dignity that are now almost beyond our imagining.

288

Dignity would be something that's difficult to define, really.

289

Dignity is that this person is respected and respects themselves.

290

That's the best way to think about that.

291

Dignity is respecting yourself and doing what you know is good, that looks good to others and feels right to you,

292

dignity, almost beyond our imagining.

293

Why then do we continue in this miserable condition?

294

Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labor is stolen from us by human beings.

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because almost everything that we work for, the produce of our labor, is stolen from us by human beings.

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Human beings.

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There, comrades, is the answer to all our problems.

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It is summed up in a single word, man.

299

To sum up is to summarize.

300

To sum up, to summarize.

301

To sum up. To summarize.

302

Man.

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So man here, we could also say mankind or humanity.

304

Humanity is the more common word these days.

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All people.

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All people.

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Man is the only real enemy we have.

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Remove man from the scene and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished forever.

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Abolished here means, let's say destroyed.

310

Let's say destroyed.

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This is in a legal sense.

312

Usually you could abolish a law.

313

For example, you could abolish a regime.

314

Man is the only creature that consumes without producing.

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So let's notice something about the language here.

316

English has a lot of synonyms,

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a lot of synonyms, and so our choices with the words we use change the nuances,

318

the flavor of what we say.

319

And the choice to say consumes without producing of these Latinate words gives this a more political feeling.

320

Political or scientific or political science really consumes without producing or economics for that matter.

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My point is these are very specific slightly more academic terms.

322

So you could say that uses without making that would be the same thing.

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Consumes could be eating or just using something.

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So man is the only creature that consumes without producing.

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He does not give milk.

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He does not lay eggs.

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He is too weak to pull the plow.

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He cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits.

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Yet he is lord of all the animals.

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plow.

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So this, let's say it sounds like that, plau.

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In American English, it's spelled like that.

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What is it?

334

What is it?

335

A plow is the farm implement, the tool that breaks up the ground.

336

So in these days, an ox, that is a male cow,

337

might pull a plow or a horse might pull a plow through the field and break up the ground.

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Machines do this now.

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In many places, machines do this now.

340

But pulling the plow is plowing.

341

Yet he is lord of all the animals.

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So here yet could have two meanings.

343

But the meaning that it has here is but.

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Beauty, but.

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But he's lord of the animals.

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Remember that yet has two main meanings.

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One is still, as in continuing to be.

348

Like I am yet talking to you.

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It's an old, old way of saying, I'm still talking to you.

350

I'm still talking.

351

But here, yet means but.

352

But he is lord of all the animals.

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This is an interesting choice of words.

354

Lord of all the animals.

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This sounds almost religious or medieval.

356

Lord is not a common word in English anymore.

357

It is used by religious people when they speak about God.

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It is used in medieval movies to talk about the king.

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This is not a very common word in English anymore.

360

So it's an interesting choice, lord.

361

Yet he is lord of all the animals, but he's king of all the animals.

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He sets them to work.

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He gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving and the rest he keeps for himself.

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So the bare minimum, that's a useful phrase, the bare minimum.

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It's the ultimate minimum, ultimate minimum, the minimum of the minimum, the bare minimum, that will prevent them from starving.

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Starving would be dying from hunger.

367

The rest he keeps for himself.

368

Our labor tills the soil, our dung fertilizes it, and yet there is not one of us that owns more than his bare skin.

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To till the soil is another way of talking about plowing.

370

A farmer could tell me if there's a difference, but we would say they're synonyms.

371

To till, to till the soil, to till the dirt, the ground, to break the ground.

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Our dung fertilizes it.

373

Dung is poo or poop, dung.

374

So what animals leave behind them.

375

It fertilizes it.

376

Let's break that up.

377

Fertilize.

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Remember the word fertile up here?

379

I'm saying fertile.

380

You can say fertile.

381

Both are correct.

382

So then fertilize is to make fertile.

383

The dung of animals makes the ground produce more plants.

384

It's good for the ground.

385

And yet, this is but, right?

386

Again, yet can mean but.

387

And yet there is not one of us that owns more than his bare skin.

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bare skin bare means naked bare naked

389

naked you cows

390

that I see before me how many thousands of gallons of milk have you given during this last year before

391

in front of in front of With words like before and below,

392

take away the B and think about it.

393

Before.

394

Below.

395

If we take away the B, well below is low.

396

Okay, that makes sense.

397

It's Under something beneath something below Before. For.

398

Think about forward.

399

Forward.

400

And if you break that, word means moving in a direction.

401

I can go forward.

402

I can go backward.

403

Four is in front of us.

404

Think about your forehead.

405

It's on the front of your head, above your eyes.

406

Right? So for.

407

Before.

408

Below.

409

Oh, okay.

410

You cows that I see in front of me, how many thousands of gallons of milk?

411

A gallon is a unit of measure used in some countries, especially America or in Britain as well, a gallon of milk.

412

So it's a certain quantity of milk, much larger than a liter of milk have you given during this last year?

413

And what has happened to that milk, which should have been breeding up sturdy cows?

414

Okay, so what has happened to that milk?

415

Okay, that's easy.

416

What has happened to that milk?

417

But that milk, let's find out more about the milk,

418

which, the milk, which should have been breeding up sturdy cows.

419

Calves.

420

Notice the L is silent.

421

Calves.

422

Calves.

423

These are baby cows.

424

Very cute.

425

Baby cows.

426

Calves.

427

Silent L.

428

Just like salmon.

429

Salmon right?

430

There's no L in salmon.

431

There's lots of silent L's in English.

432

Calves, salmon.

433

Sturdy is strong.

434

So what about should have been breeding up?

435

Well, this is actually quite a verbal construction here.

436

Wow.

437

That's all one thing.

438

So breeding up is raising.

439

When we're speaking of animals, raising, or bringing up.

440

If we speak about children, we usually use the term bringing up. So should have been.

441

This is some very, very important grammar.

442

Very, very important.

443

What does this mean?

444

Should have been doing this thing.

445

Should have been this is a judgment about the past.

446

The milk was for babies.

447

It wasn't for humans, but it wasn't used for babies.

448

So this is something that you can call a contra -factual.

449

Because this is not what happened.

450

It didn't get used for breeding up sturdy calves, for raising strong babies.

451

It was used for humans.

452

Humans took the milk.

453

So that's a really important thing to recognize every time you see should have been,

454

could have been, might have been, may have been, you're looking at a special kind of grammar.

455

It's not always contrafactual, but it often is, very often is.

456

So that's a kind of grammar that you should study because my students have trouble with this because it's difficult.

457

It's difficult.

458

So take some time for should have been, might have been, may have been.

459

Every drop of it, every drop of the milk has gone down the throats of our enemies.

460

That's interesting.

461

He's calling the humans their enemies.

462

It's very important for this book and you hens,

463

female chickens, female chickens, how many eggs have you laid in this last year?

464

And how many of those eggs ever hatched into chickens?

465

Chickens lay eggs or hens, I should say, lay eggs and many of those eggs hatched.

466

So hatching is when an egg is broken open and And a chick comes out.

467

A chick is a baby chicken.

468

The rest have all gone to market to bring in money for Jones and his men.

469

And you, Clover, where are those four foals you bore who should have been the support and pleasure of your old age?

470

A foal, again, is a baby horse we saw this last time we saw this on a previous page right here

471

because Clover had lost her figure after her fourth foal.

472

And so here, Clover, where are those four foals?

473

Where are they?

474

Where are they?

475

You bore.

476

So this is one way of speaking about giving birth.

477

Giving birth.

478

So to bear is to carry, but especially at the end of the pregnancy, it can be to give birth.

479

It can reference the pregnancy and the end of the pregnancy.

480

Who should have been?

481

Should have been.

482

There it is again.

483

There it is again.

484

Another contrafactual.

485

Another contrafactual.

486

So my question to you, were the foals the support and pleasure of Clover's old age?

487

No. They should have been, but they were not.

488

This is a judgment about the past, about what was right in the past,

489

not about what actually happened.

490

Should have been the support and pleasure of your old age.

491

What happened to them?

492

Each was sold at a year old you will never see one of them again.

493

In return for your four confinements and all your labor in the fields, what have you ever had except your bare rations and a stall?

494

Confinement is an older way to speak about the end time of a pregnancy

495

when a woman or an animal is not able to do anything

496

Of course, women can do a lot of things right up until labor,

497

but for animals, they're restricted at the end so that they are extremely safe before they have the child or the baby.

498

In this case, a foal.

499

A foal.

500

And all your labor in the fields, what have you ever had except your bare rations?

501

So, bear here is like minimum.

502

Rations are the food that is given out to someone.

503

And a stall.

504

Again, that's their kind of room or their area.

505

And even the miserable lives we lead are not allowed to reach their natural span.

506

A span is a distance.

507

So there's a span between my hands right now.

508

What does a bridge do?

509

A bridge goes over a span.

510

There's a gap.

511

You think of it like gap.

512

It's not exactly the same, but think of it like gap.

513

So here this is talking about time.

514

A span of time is more like a distance.

515

Distance.

516

Maybe that's a better way to think about it, is distance.

517

Their natural length.

518

Their natural length.

519

So we can't, the animals are saying they can't live their full lives.

520

For myself, I do not grumble.

521

That is complain.

522

Grumbling is grumbling is kind of low complaining like that for I am one of the lucky ones.

523

I'm 12 years old and have had over 400 children.

524

Wow.

525

Such is the natural life of a pig, but no animal escapes the cruel knife in the end.

526

Again, cruel is very unkind.

527

You young porkers who are sitting in front of me, every one of you will scream your lives out at the block within a year.

528

A porker is a pig which is raised for food.

529

Of course, pork is when a pig is eaten as food.

530

It's called pork.

531

Each one of you, every one of you will scream your lives out.

532

Scream your lives out.

533

So scream something out.

534

He's just saying you will really, really scream.

535

Really, really scream at the block.

536

The block is where they kill the animals.

537

So there's the pig on the block.

538

To that horror we all must come.

539

Cows, pigs, hens, sheep, everyone.

540

Even the horses and the dogs have no better fate.

541

Fate, destiny.

542

You, boxer, the very day that those great muscles of yours lose their power, Jones will sell you to the knacker,

543

who will cut your throat and boil you down for the foxhounds.

544

The knacker, you don't need to remember this.

545

It's only really for farming.

546

A knacker is someone who buys very, very old animals, and they kill them.

547

And they use the parts of the animals.

548

They'll boil you down for the foxhounds.

549

A hound is a dog.

550

Those of you who speak German will recognize Hund in hound.

551

Foxhounds are hunting dogs.

552

They kill foxes.

553

As for the dogs, when they grow old and toothless, Jones ties a brick around their necks and drowns them in the nearest pond.

554

Wow.

555

So this is very, very dark, very, very dark what's happening here.

556

He's telling them, Old Major is telling all the animals, bad stuff happens to us animals.

557

Is it not crystal clear then, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings?

558

Tyranny is cruel rule.

559

So let's say cruel, that is very unkind, control.

560

So this comes from the word tyrant.

561

Tyrant, which is a word for someone who is a despot, is a ruler, is a king,

562

or could be any kind of powerful person who is very cruel in their control. So tyranny.

563

Notice the word spring here.

564

Spring has this idea of coming from something.

565

So if you have, for example, let's say we have something in nature here.

566

This is the ground and you've got water coming out of the ground and flowing.

567

That's a spring.

568

A spring where there's water naturally in the ground is a spring.

569

So to spring is to come out, to spring forth, to jump out.

570

It means jump.

571

And that's why spring, the season of spring, is called spring because the plants jump out again.

572

So spring can mean jump.

573

Only get rid of man and the produce of our labor would be our own.

574

Almost overnight, we would become rich and free. So produce.

575

It's useful to compare nouns and verbs which are said differently but spelled the same way.

576

So you have the verb produce and you have the noun produce or produce.

577

The difference is where the stress is.

578

Produce is the verb and produce is the noun.

579

So produce is another word for product.

580

Product.

581

The product of our labor would be our own.

582

Almost overnight we become rich and free.

583

What then must we do?

584

why.

585

So here why is just saying it's an exclamation.

586

This is not a question.

587

That's not a question.

588

It doesn't mean why.

589

It's saying why.

590

Well, so we must work night and day, body and soul for the overthrow of the human race.

591

Overthrow, you can see what that is.

592

overthrow to throw over to topple.

593

This or that is my message to you, comrades.

594

Rebellion!

595

Rebellion.

596

I do not know when that rebellion will come.

597

It might be in a week or in a hundred years,

598

but I know as surely as I see this straw beneath my feet that sooner or later justice will be done.

599

rebellion.

600

So let's see.

601

So rebellion is when people rebel, when they want to change the state that they're in.

602

They want to change things, change the government, or a teenager might rebel against their parents.

603

That's another kind of rebellion.

604

They want to do things differently than their parents want them to do.

605

So that's to rebel, to be a rebel.

606

And that is another of those pairs like produce and produce.

607

So to rebel and a rebel.

608

So, to rebel, a rebel.

609

Compare, to produce, produce.

610

Do you notice it's the same pattern?

611

It's the same pattern.

612

So, to produce is the verb.

613

To rebel is the verb.

614

So, the stress is on the second syllable.

615

Re -bel, rebel.

616

And then the noun, rebel or produce.

617

First syllable.

618

So the straw, as we saw last time, is the dried grasses beneath animals.

619

Hay is what they eat.

620

Straw is what they sleep on.

621

Sooner or later, justice will be done.

622

So to do justice is to make the right thing happen.

623

Fix your eyes on that.

624

So fix can mean secure.

625

secure as a verb, to fix something, to secure or fasten.

626

When you're on a plane, they tell you to fasten your seatbelt.

627

You could also say that you're fixing your seatbelt.

628

Fix does not always mean repair.

629

Fix does not always mean repair.

630

So put your eyes on that.

631

fasten your eyes to that make sure you're looking at

632

that on that the rebellion is what he's saying the

633

that is the rebellion comrades throughout the short remainder of your lives

634

and above all pass on this message of mine to those who come after you

635

so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious.

636

So throughout is just through, during, for the whole of,

637

the short remainder, what remains of your lives.

638

And above all, pass on, that is transfer, give to, this message of mine, to those who come after you.

639

So the children, so that future generations shall carry on.

640

That is continue.

641

Very important phrasal verb.

642

Keep calm and carry on.

643

The struggle until it is victorious.

644

Victorious until there is victory.

645

Victory.

646

So the struggle, the difficult time, the struggle, the work that's being done, in a difficult way.

647

So we have come to page six and we're going to continue.

648

Of course, if this video gets enough likes and enough comments and people are happy with what I'm doing here, comment below.

649

Let me know if you have any questions.

650

I would be happy to answer those questions.

651

And if you have any ideas for books I can read here on the channel

652

or different ways you'd like me to teach, please tell me.

653

Please tell me.

654

I hope you have a lovely day and I will see you next time for part three.

655

Bye for now.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このB1レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Learn English with a Book」を教材にしています。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が655文、単語が5707語あります。音声の長さは48:34です。話す速さは1分あたり約118語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。単語の84%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。

この動画の重要語彙

動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
comrade 名詞	/ˈkɑmɹæd/	仲間, 同志
miserable 形容詞	/ˈmɪz(ə)ɹəbəl/	惨めな, 悲惨な
rebel 名詞	/ˈɹɛb.əl/	反逆者
tame 動詞	/teɪm/	飼いならす
rebellion 名詞	/ɹɪˈbɛl.i.ən/	反乱, 謀叛
cow 名詞	/kaʊ/	雌牛, 牛
foal 名詞	/foʊl/	子馬
verb 名詞	/vɝb/	動詞
slaughter 名詞	/ˈslɔːtə/	屠殺, 殺生
wisdom 名詞	/ˈwɪzdəm/	知恵
perch 名詞	/pɝt͡ʃ/	ペルカ
plough 名詞	/plaʊ/	鋤, 鍬
fertile 形容詞	/ˈfɝːtəl/	肥沃な
calf 名詞	/kɑːf/	子牛
stall 名詞	/stɔːl/	馬小屋, 厩舎

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	発音	意味
bring up 動詞		育てる
come out 動詞	/ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/	出る
find out 動詞		見出す, 調べる
go back 動詞		戻る, 帰る
go down 動詞		降りる, 降下する
leave behind 動詞		置き忘れる

繰り返し練習したい文

動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。

We're on page three now.
That's telling us what this wisdom is.
Why then do we continue in this miserable condition?
What then must we do?
Do you notice it's the same pattern?

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	have gathered · have heard · have acquired
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	were introduced · are domesticated · is heavily associated
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	one who was · sound, which is · those who are
「should」による助言 should + 動詞 — したほうがよいことを伝える	should do · should read · should go

注意したい発音

話し手はI'm, you're, don'tなど、短縮形や弱形を46回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「th」の音: throat /ˈθɹoʊt/, overthrow /ˌoʊvɚˈθɹoʊ/, beneath /bɪˈniːθ/, breathe /bɹiːð/, ethics /ˈɛθ.ɪks/
「sh」と「zh」の音: abolish /əˈbɑl.ɪʃ/, pronunciation /pɹəˌnʌn.siˈeɪ.ʃən/, ration /ˈɹæʃən/, leisure /ˈlɛʒə(ɹ)/, connotation /ˌkɑnəˈteɪʃən/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: miserable /ˈmɪz(ə)ɹəbəl/, rebellion /ɹɪˈbɛl.i.ən/, pronunciation /pɹəˌnʌn.siˈeɪ.ʃən/, pitiable /ˈpɪti.əbəl/, connotation /ˌkɑnəˈteɪʃən/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: miserable /ˈmɪz(ə)ɹəbəl/, rebel /ˈɹɛb.əl/, rebellion /ɹɪˈbɛl.i.ən/, fertilize /ˈfɜː(ɹ)tɪlaɪz/, laborious /ləˈbɔːɹiəs/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: verb /vɝb/, raven /ˈɹeɪvən/, starve /stɑɹv/, victorious /vɪkˈtɔːɹiəs/, overthrow /ˌoʊvɚˈθɹoʊ/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: foal /foʊl/, fertile /ˈfɝːtəl/, calf /kɑːf/, fertilize /ˈfɜː(ɹ)tɪlaɪz/, usefulness /ˈjuːsfəlnəs/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。comrade, miserable, rebelなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: Learn English with a Book | Animal Farm | Deep Work Session | Part 2 - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる句動詞

繰り返し練習したい文

この動画の文法

注意したい発音

この動画での練習方法

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由