シャドーイング練習: The Immune System Explained I – Bacteria Infection - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
レッスンを作成中...
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Every second of your life you are under attack.
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Billions of bacteria, viruses and fungi are trying to make you their home.
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So our bodies have developed a super complex little army with guards, soldiers, intelligence, weapons factories and communicators to protect you from, well, dying.
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For this video, let's assume the immune system has 12 different jobs.
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For example, kill enemies, communicate, etc. And it has 21 different cells and two protein forces.
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These cells have up to four different jobs.
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Let's assign them.
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Here are the interactions.
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Now let's make this understandable.
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First of all, let's add colors to the jobs.
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Now let's illustrate the cells.
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The central color represents the main job of the cell, while the surrounding ones represent secondary duties.
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Now the immune system looks like this.
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Now the interactions.
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Isn't this complexity just awesome?
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For this video we will only talk about these cells and ignore the rest.
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So what happens in the case of an infection?
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It's a beautiful day when suddenly a wild rusty nail appears and you cut yourself.
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The first barrier of the immune system is breached, your skin.
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Nearby bacteria seize on the opportunity and enter your wound.
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They start using up the body's resources and double their numbers about every 20 minutes.
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At first they fly under the radar, but when a certain bacteria population is reached, they change their behavior and start to damage the body by changing the environment around them.
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The immune system has to stop them as fast as possible.
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First of all, your guard cells, known as macrophages, intervene.
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They are huge cells that guard every border region of the body.
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Most of the time, they alone can suffocate an attack, because they can devour up to 100 intruders each.
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They swallow the intruder hole and trap it inside a membrane.
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Then the enemy gets broken down by enzymes and is killed.
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On top of that they cause inflammation by ordering the blood vessels to release water into the battlefield so fighting becomes easier.
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You notice this as a very mild swelling.
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When the macrophages fight for too long they call in heavy backup by releasing messenger proteins that communicate location and urgency.
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Neutrophiles leave their patrol routes in the blood and move to the battlefield.
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The neutrophiles fight so furiously that they kill healthy cells in the process.
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On top of that, they generate barriers that trap and kill the bacteria.
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They are indeed so deadly that they evolved to commit suicide after five days to prevent them from causing too much damage.
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If this is not enough to stop the invasion, the brain of the immune system kicks in.
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The dendritic cell gets active.
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It reacts to the signals of the soldiers and starts collecting samples from the enemies.
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They rip them into pieces and present the parts on their outer layer.
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Now the dendritic cell makes a crucial decision.
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Should they call for antivirus forces that eradicate infected body cells or an army of bacteria killers?
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In this case, antibacterial forces are necessary.
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It then travels to the closest lymph node in about a day.
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Here billions of helper and killer T cells are waiting to be activated.
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When T cells are born, they go through a difficult and complicated training process, and only a quarter survives.
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The surviving cells are equipped with a specific setup.
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And the dendritic cell is on its way looking for a helper T cell with a setup that's just right.
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It's looking for a helper T cell
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that combines to the parts of the intruders which the dendritic cell has presented on its membrane.
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When it finally finds one, a chain reaction takes place.
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The helper T cell is activated.
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It quickly duplicates thousands of times.
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Some become memory two cells that stay in the lymph node and will make you practically immune against this enemy.
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Some travel to the field of battle to help out.
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And the third group goes on to travel to the center of the lymph node to activate a very powerful weapons factory.
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Like the T-cells, they're born with a specific setup, and when a B-cell and a T-cell with the same setup meet, hell breaks loose.
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The B-cell duplicates rapidly and starts producing millions of little weapons.
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They work so hard that they would literally die from exhaustion very fast.
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Here helper T cells play another important role.
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They stimulate the hard working factories and tell them don't die yet we still need you keep going.
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This also ensures that the factories die if the infection is over so the body doesn't waste energy or hurt itself.
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But what is produced by the B cells?
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You've heard of them of course antibodies.
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Little proteins that are engineered to bind to the surface of the specific intruder.
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There are even different kinds of antibodies that have slightly different jobs.
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The helper T cells tell the plasma cells which type is needed the most in this particular invasion.
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Millions of them flood the blood and saturate the body.
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Meanwhile, at the site of infection, the situation is getting dire.
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The intruders have multiplied in number and start hurting the body.
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Guard and attack cells fight hard, but also die in the process.
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Helper T cells support them by ordering them to be more aggressive and to stay alive longer.
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But without help, they can't overwhelm the bacteria.
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But now the second line of defense arrives.
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Billions of antibodies flood the battlefield and disable lots of the intruders, rendering them helpless or killing them in the process.
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They also stun the bacteria and make them an easy target.
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Their back is built to connect to killer cells so they can connect and kill the enemy more easily.
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are especially good at gnoming up the bacteria which antibodies have attached to.
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Now, the balance shifts.
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In a team effort, the infection is wiped out.
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At this point, millions of body cells have already died.
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No big deal, the losses are quickly replenished.
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Most immune cells are now useless and without the constant signals they commit suicide, so as not to waste any resources.
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But some stay behind, the memory cells.
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If this enemy is encountered ever again in the future, they will be ready for it and probably kill it before you even notice.
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This was a very, very simplified explanation of parts of the immune system at work.
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Can you Can you imagine how complex this system is?
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Even at this level, when we ignore so many players and all the chemistry.
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Life is awfully complicated, but if we take the time to understand it, we always encounter endless wonders and great beauty.
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This bird has magical powers.
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Let's see a demonstration.
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Bring in the latest scientific research.
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Wow, that's a lot of complicated stuff about the immune system and all its cells.
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How could someone possibly understand all of this?
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Incredible!
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This overview is delightful and easy to grasp, but still scientifically accurate.
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Let's make it a bit more difficult.
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Can she make all of evolution visible at a glance?
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This is brilliant!
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You can clearly see the relationships between species and how they evolved.
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And look at those illustrations!
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These posters are ready to be shared with the world.
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These very special pieces of Kurzgesagt are now available on our
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shop along with many other sciencey products all researched with care and created with love by the Burbs with magical powers.
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Every Kurzgesagt product you buy directly funds another moment we get to spend working on our videos.
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Thank you so much for being a part of our story and for making this channel possible.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このC1レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「The Immune System Explained I – Bacteria Infection」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：cell, immune, bacteria, helper, intruder。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が105文、単語が1286語あります。 音声の長さは7:33です。 話す速さは1分あたり約170語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は80%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| bacterium 名詞 | /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/ | 細菌, バクテリア |
| helper 名詞 | /ˈhɛlpɚ/ | 助手, 手伝い |
| intruder 名詞 | /ənˈtɹudɚ/ | 侵入者 |
| antibody 名詞 | /ˈæn.tɪˌbɑ.di/ | 抗体 |
| lymph 名詞 | /lɪmf/ | リンパ液 |
| node 名詞 | /noʊd/ | 結節 |
| battlefield 名詞 | /ˈbætəlˌfiːld/ | 戦場, 戦地 |
| macrophage 名詞 | /ˈmækɹɔʊː.feɪd͡ʒ/ | マクロファージ |
| duplicate 動詞 | /ˈd(j)uː.plɪˌkeɪt/ | 複写する, 複製する |
| membrane 名詞 | /ˈmɛm.bɹeɪn/ | 膜 |
| antibacterial 形容詞 | 抗菌性 | |
| antivirus 名詞 | /ˈantɪvʌɪrəs/ | アンチウイルス, アンチウィルス |
| devour 動詞 | /dɪˈvaʊɚ/ | 貪る |
| eradicate 動詞 | /əˈræd.əˌkeɪt/ | 根絶する, 根刮ぎにする |
| infect 動詞 | /ɪnˈfɛkt/ | 感染させる |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| wipe out 動詞 | 一掃する |
繰り返し練習したい文
動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。
- First of all, let's add colors to the jobs.
- Isn't this complexity just awesome?
- You've heard of them of course antibodies.
- Let's make it a bit more difficult.
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | is breached · is reached · is killed |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | have developed · has presented · You've heard |
注意したい発音
話し手はcan't, doesn't, don'tなど、短縮形や弱形を6回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: replenish /ɹɪˈplɛn.ɪʃ/, inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, illustration /ˌɪləsˈtɹeɪ̯ʃən/, demonstration /dɛmənˈstɹeɪʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: antibody /ˈæn.tɪˌbɑ.di/, antivirus /ˈantɪvʌɪrəs/, communicator /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪtə/, eradicate /əˈræd.əˌkeɪt/, furiously /ˈfjʊə̯ɹi.ə̯sli/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: neutrophile /ˈnuː.tɹoʊ̯ˌfaɪ̯ɫ/, furiously /ˈfjʊə̯ɹi.ə̯sli/, replenish /ɹɪˈplɛn.ɪʃ/, illustrate /ˈɪl.əˌstɹeɪt/, illustration /ˌɪləsˈtɹeɪ̯ʃən/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/, evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, antivirus /ˈantɪvʌɪrəs/, devour /dɪˈvaʊɚ/, overwhelm /ˌoʊ.vɚˈwɛlm/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: lymph /lɪmf/, battlefield /ˈbætəlˌfiːld/, macrophage /ˈmækɹɔʊː.feɪd͡ʒ/, neutrophile /ˈnuː.tɹoʊ̯ˌfaɪ̯ɫ/, awfully /ˈɔ.f(ə.)li/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。bacterium, helper, intruderなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。