Практика Shadowing: The Immune System Explained I – Bacteria Infection - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Создание урока...
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Every second of your life you are under attack.
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Billions of bacteria, viruses and fungi are trying to make you their home.
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So our bodies have developed a super complex little army with guards, soldiers, intelligence, weapons factories and communicators to protect you from, well, dying.
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For this video, let's assume the immune system has 12 different jobs.
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For example, kill enemies, communicate, etc. And it has 21 different cells and two protein forces.
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These cells have up to four different jobs.
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Let's assign them.
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Here are the interactions.
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Now let's make this understandable.
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First of all, let's add colors to the jobs.
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Now let's illustrate the cells.
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The central color represents the main job of the cell, while the surrounding ones represent secondary duties.
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Now the immune system looks like this.
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Now the interactions.
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Isn't this complexity just awesome?
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For this video we will only talk about these cells and ignore the rest.
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So what happens in the case of an infection?
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It's a beautiful day when suddenly a wild rusty nail appears and you cut yourself.
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The first barrier of the immune system is breached, your skin.
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Nearby bacteria seize on the opportunity and enter your wound.
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They start using up the body's resources and double their numbers about every 20 minutes.
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At first they fly under the radar, but when a certain bacteria population is reached, they change their behavior and start to damage the body by changing the environment around them.
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The immune system has to stop them as fast as possible.
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First of all, your guard cells, known as macrophages, intervene.
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They are huge cells that guard every border region of the body.
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Most of the time, they alone can suffocate an attack, because they can devour up to 100 intruders each.
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They swallow the intruder hole and trap it inside a membrane.
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Then the enemy gets broken down by enzymes and is killed.
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On top of that they cause inflammation by ordering the blood vessels to release water into the battlefield so fighting becomes easier.
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You notice this as a very mild swelling.
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When the macrophages fight for too long they call in heavy backup by releasing messenger proteins that communicate location and urgency.
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Neutrophiles leave their patrol routes in the blood and move to the battlefield.
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The neutrophiles fight so furiously that they kill healthy cells in the process.
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On top of that, they generate barriers that trap and kill the bacteria.
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They are indeed so deadly that they evolved to commit suicide after five days to prevent them from causing too much damage.
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If this is not enough to stop the invasion, the brain of the immune system kicks in.
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The dendritic cell gets active.
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It reacts to the signals of the soldiers and starts collecting samples from the enemies.
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They rip them into pieces and present the parts on their outer layer.
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Now the dendritic cell makes a crucial decision.
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Should they call for antivirus forces that eradicate infected body cells or an army of bacteria killers?
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In this case, antibacterial forces are necessary.
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It then travels to the closest lymph node in about a day.
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Here billions of helper and killer T cells are waiting to be activated.
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When T cells are born, they go through a difficult and complicated training process, and only a quarter survives.
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The surviving cells are equipped with a specific setup.
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And the dendritic cell is on its way looking for a helper T cell with a setup that's just right.
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It's looking for a helper T cell
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that combines to the parts of the intruders which the dendritic cell has presented on its membrane.
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When it finally finds one, a chain reaction takes place.
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The helper T cell is activated.
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It quickly duplicates thousands of times.
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Some become memory two cells that stay in the lymph node and will make you practically immune against this enemy.
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Some travel to the field of battle to help out.
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And the third group goes on to travel to the center of the lymph node to activate a very powerful weapons factory.
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Like the T-cells, they're born with a specific setup, and when a B-cell and a T-cell with the same setup meet, hell breaks loose.
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The B-cell duplicates rapidly and starts producing millions of little weapons.
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They work so hard that they would literally die from exhaustion very fast.
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Here helper T cells play another important role.
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They stimulate the hard working factories and tell them don't die yet we still need you keep going.
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This also ensures that the factories die if the infection is over so the body doesn't waste energy or hurt itself.
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But what is produced by the B cells?
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You've heard of them of course antibodies.
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Little proteins that are engineered to bind to the surface of the specific intruder.
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There are even different kinds of antibodies that have slightly different jobs.
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The helper T cells tell the plasma cells which type is needed the most in this particular invasion.
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Millions of them flood the blood and saturate the body.
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Meanwhile, at the site of infection, the situation is getting dire.
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The intruders have multiplied in number and start hurting the body.
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Guard and attack cells fight hard, but also die in the process.
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Helper T cells support them by ordering them to be more aggressive and to stay alive longer.
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But without help, they can't overwhelm the bacteria.
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But now the second line of defense arrives.
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Billions of antibodies flood the battlefield and disable lots of the intruders, rendering them helpless or killing them in the process.
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They also stun the bacteria and make them an easy target.
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Their back is built to connect to killer cells so they can connect and kill the enemy more easily.
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are especially good at gnoming up the bacteria which antibodies have attached to.
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Now, the balance shifts.
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In a team effort, the infection is wiped out.
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At this point, millions of body cells have already died.
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No big deal, the losses are quickly replenished.
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Most immune cells are now useless and without the constant signals they commit suicide, so as not to waste any resources.
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But some stay behind, the memory cells.
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If this enemy is encountered ever again in the future, they will be ready for it and probably kill it before you even notice.
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This was a very, very simplified explanation of parts of the immune system at work.
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Can you Can you imagine how complex this system is?
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Even at this level, when we ignore so many players and all the chemistry.
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Life is awfully complicated, but if we take the time to understand it, we always encounter endless wonders and great beauty.
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This bird has magical powers.
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Let's see a demonstration.
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Bring in the latest scientific research.
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Wow, that's a lot of complicated stuff about the immune system and all its cells.
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How could someone possibly understand all of this?
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Incredible!
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This overview is delightful and easy to grasp, but still scientifically accurate.
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Let's make it a bit more difficult.
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Can she make all of evolution visible at a glance?
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This is brilliant!
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You can clearly see the relationships between species and how they evolved.
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And look at those illustrations!
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These posters are ready to be shared with the world.
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These very special pieces of Kurzgesagt are now available on our
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shop along with many other sciencey products all researched with care and created with love by the Burbs with magical powers.
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Every Kurzgesagt product you buy directly funds another moment we get to spend working on our videos.
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Thank you so much for being a part of our story and for making this channel possible.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики уровня C1 построен на видео «The Immune System Explained I – Bacteria Infection». Чаще всего повторяются слова: cell, immune, bacteria, helper, intruder. В этом видео 105 предложений и 1286 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 7:33. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 170 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 80% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| bacterium существительное | /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/ | бакте́рия |
| helper существительное | /ˈhɛlpɚ/ | помо́щник, помо́щница |
| intruder существительное | /ənˈtɹudɚ/ | наруши́тель, наруши́тельница |
| antibody существительное | /ˈæn.tɪˌbɑ.di/ | антите́ло |
| lymph существительное | /lɪmf/ | ли́мфа |
| activate глагол | /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/ | активизи́ровать, активи́ровать |
| node существительное | /noʊd/ | утолще́ние, наро́ст |
| battlefield существительное | /ˈbætəlˌfiːld/ | по́ле бо́я, по́ле би́твы |
| macrophage существительное | /ˈmækɹɔʊː.feɪd͡ʒ/ | макрофа́г |
| duplicate глагол | /ˈd(j)uː.plɪˌkeɪt/ | де́лать дублика́т, де́лать ко́пию |
| evolve глагол | /ɪˈvɑlv/ | развива́ться, разви́ться |
| membrane существительное | /ˈmɛm.bɹeɪn/ | мембра́на |
| antibacterial прилагательное | антибактериальный | |
| antivirus существительное | /ˈantɪvʌɪrəs/ | антиви́рус |
| awfully наречие | /ˈɔ.f(ə.)li/ | страшно |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| break down глагол | ломаться, сломаться |
| stay behind глагол | остава́ться, оста́ться |
| use up глагол | занима́ть, заня́ть |
| wipe out глагол | уничтожа́ть, уничто́жить |
Фразы, которые стоит повторять
Короткие законченные фразы из видео, которые пригодятся в повседневном разговоре:
- First of all, let's add colors to the jobs.
- Isn't this complexity just awesome?
- You've heard of them of course antibodies.
- Let's make it a bit more difficult.
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | is breached · is reached · is killed |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | have developed · has presented · You've heard |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 6 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например can't, doesn't, don't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: replenish /ɹɪˈplɛn.ɪʃ/, inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, illustration /ˌɪləsˈtɹeɪ̯ʃən/, demonstration /dɛmənˈstɹeɪʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: antibody /ˈæn.tɪˌbɑ.di/, antivirus /ˈantɪvʌɪrəs/, communicator /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪtə/, eradicate /əˈræd.əˌkeɪt/, furiously /ˈfjʊə̯ɹi.ə̯sli/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: overwhelm /ˌoʊ.vɚˈwɛlm/, equip /ɪˈkwɪp/, swell /swɛl/, swallow /ˈswɑ.loʊ/, wipe /waɪp/
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: helper /ˈhɛlpɚ/, helpless /ˈhɛlplɪs/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: node /noʊd/, battlefield /ˈbætəlˌfiːld/, macrophage /ˈmækɹɔʊː.feɪd͡ʒ/, evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, bind /ˈbaɪ̯nd/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как bacterium, helper, intruder.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.