Практика Shadowing: When Your Body Attacks Itself – Autoimmune - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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Your immune system is an omnipresent, terrifying entity made of billions of nuclear weapons and kamikaze bombers, saturating every little tissue, bone and fluid in your body.
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It scans, patrols, and when it finds an enemy — it kills.
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But what if it suddenly decides that you are the enemy?
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This is the betrayal of autoimmunity – diseases like Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, celiac disease, lupus and Crohn's disease and many more.
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Literally every tissue can be affected, from your nerves to your thyroid or joints.
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They are all unique and different kinds of bad, from manageable to life changing to deadly.
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All share one fundamental property: Your immune system thinks some healthy part of you is the enemy.
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It’s like a country attacking itself: fighter jets bomb roads, snipers hunt doctors and baristas, artillery levels daycare centers.
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While there is usually a certain amount of genetic risk for autoimmunity, to get an actual autoimmune disease you also need a colossal case of bad luck on top of that.
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How does this work?
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The Shape Of Life The fundamental building blocks of life are proteins.
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Like ultra complex lego blocks each of them has a precise shape, allowing them to perform highly specific tasks, like breaking down food or transcribing DNA.
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In total your body produces about 100,000 different proteins, or shapes.
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Your immune system evolved to constantly check the proteins of your cells and look for shapes that are not you – and to kill whatever is attached to them violently and brutally.
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Autoimmunity is when your soldier cells suddenly think that your own healthy and natural proteins belong to an enemy.
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We explained this in more detail in this video – but in a nutshell: This is such a critical danger to your survival that your body created an entire murder university to prevent this from happening.
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Here, young immune cells go through ruthless training: if they recognize the shapes of your own proteins, they are executed immediately.
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But sometimes through sheer, dumb luck one makes it through.
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Right at this moment you probably have a few million cells patrolling your body with the potential to trigger an autoimmune disease.
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Another way to trigger autoimmunity is through our enemies: Some bacteria and viruses have evolved proteins that are extremely similar to the ones in your own body.
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Because they just have to if they want to interact with your cells – and to stay hidden.
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We see this everywhere in nature, from moths that look like bark or crocodiles that disappear in muddy water.
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For bacteria your tissue is a hostile jungle full of angry predators looking for them.
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So they try to cover themselves in shapes that are very similar to your proteins.
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But both of these things are not enough, the final ingredient is a trigger event.
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And a colossal case of bad luck.
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The War That Never Ends The trigger can be anything that activates your defenses.
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A common cold, the flu, a tiny wound.
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Any sort of infection floods your body with cytokines, signals that tell your body “this is a real fight, take this seriously” which truly wakes up your immune system.
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Intelligence cells start to gather proteins – shapes – from the battlefield.
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These shapes are the physical information of what is going on and are carried to your lymph nodes, information distribution centers.
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Here, your heavy weapons – T cells – pass through, taking a look at the shapes that are being presented here.
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If they recognize the shape of an invader they activate the whole immune system and a few days later the attacker will be wiped out.
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But this time the worst things happen in the worst kind of way.
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Maybe an intelligence officer picked up a piece of one of your healthy cells that died in the battle, or maybe a bacteria had a protein pretty similar to one of yours. And by sheer, extremely bad luck, a few months ago a single T cell that can recognize this shape survived the murder university.
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And today exactly this T cell happened to pass exactly this lymph node and is activated.
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This single T cell now starts a big immune reaction against your own body.
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It clones itself thousands of times, gathers other cells for support and streams into your tissue.
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When the misguided immune cells arrive they see nothing but enemies!
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The proteins they are looking for are everywhere!
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Which can only mean that there is a full on invasion going on!
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They spread out and start attacking and killing your tissue.
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How bad is this?
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Well, it depends.
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There are more than 100 different autoimmune diseases and basically any tissue can be affected.
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In Multiple Sclerosis your immune cells are attacking the insulation of your nerve cells, making them sort of short circuit or slow down dramatically.
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Causing numbness, muscle cramps, problems with your vision and concentration.
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In Type 1 Diabetes your immune system kills the cells that produce your insulin in your pancreas, starving your cells of glucose and turning your blood into acid.
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In Rheumatoid Arthritis angry cells invade your joints and literally start to dissolve cartilage and bone.
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Lupus is a body-wide Blitzkrieg that attacks literally every part of your body causing painful, unpredictable and widespread destruction with a variety of bad symptoms.
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And almost all autoimmune diseases come with crushing fatigue and exhaustion.
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Because when you are sick, your immune system tells your body to shut down and rest.
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Even if the immune system is itself the attacker, it still sends out the same orders.
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It feels like you have the flu but the real enemy is your own body.
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The worst part about autoimmunity is that it never stops.
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Your immune system is a self enforcing machine of destruction.
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The more “enemies” your initial autoimmunity cells encounter the more cells they clone and activate.
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So its nature prevents lasting peace.
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Why is your Body allowing this?
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Most, if not all, autoimmune diseases have a genetic component but this is kind of weird.
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If some variants of genes are actively harmful to us, evolution should weed them out and make them less common.
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But up to one in ten people in the industrialized world suffers from them.
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So why did they stick around?
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Well when it comes to genes, we often have to work with trade offs – at their core autoimmune diseases always mean that your immune system is more aggressive – and while this is mostly bad, until recently in human history, this was pretty great.
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In the past infectious diseases were the most common cause of death.
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Terrible pandemics ravaged our cities regularly, sometimes decimating communities.
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Researchers analyzed DNA samples from London cemeteries before, during, and after the Black Death pandemic that killed about half of the population.
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They found that individuals with gene variants that increase the risk for Crohn’s disease, seemed to have died at a much lower rate.
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What helped them against a deadly disease back then might make us vulnerable to autoimmunity today.
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Evolution doesn’t care about perfect solutions, it is only looking for good enough.
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If variants made it more likely to survive the deadliest diseases, why care if down the line this might lead to something else?
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If you have an autoimmune disease you may only be alive because your ancestors carried these genes and survived a pandemic that wiped out their neighbours.
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And then a hot second ago we changed our world.
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Hygiene, antibiotics, vaccines and modern medicine revolutionized our lives and how we die.
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So much so that most of us don’t even think a lot about infectious diseases – and this is great.
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But now we are left with genes that make our immune systems more aggressive for no good reason.
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Add a bit of bad luck and all these billions of nuclear weapons and kamikaze bombers take aim at the wrong target: You.
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Your immune system isn’t the only part of yourself that can be turned against you.
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Data brokers are constantly collecting personal information like your name, address or information about your relatives.
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This data is valuable and can be sold to companies who want to show you ads that are tailored to you – but also more nefarious buyers who want to dox you, harass you, or even steal your identity.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики уровня C1 построен на видео «When Your Body Attacks Itself – Autoimmune». Чаще всего повторяются слова: cell, immune, disease, shape, protein. В этом видео 89 предложений и 1557 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 9:33. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 163 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 78% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| autoimmune прилагательное | /ˌɔːtəʊɪˈmjuːn/ | аутоиммунный |
| autoimmunity существительное | /ˌɔːtoʊɪˈmjuːnɪti/ | аутоиммунность |
| activate глагол | /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/ | активизи́ровать, активи́ровать |
| bacterium существительное | /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/ | бакте́рия |
| nutshell существительное | /ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/ | оре́ховая скорлупа́ |
| variant существительное | /ˈvæɹi.ənt/ | вариа́нт |
| colossal прилагательное | /kəˈlɑsəl/ | колосса́льный, грома́дный |
| kamikaze существительное | /ˌkɑː.mɪˈkɑː.ziː/ | камика́дзе |
| lupus существительное | /ˈluːpəs/ | волча́нка |
| lymph существительное | /lɪmf/ | ли́мфа |
| sclerosis существительное | /skləˈɹəʊ.sɪs/ | склеро́з |
| attacker существительное | /əˈtækɚ/ | напада́ющий, атаку́ющий |
| clone существительное | /kloʊn/ | клон |
| evolve глагол | /ɪˈvɑlv/ | развива́ться, разви́ться |
| infectious прилагательное | /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/ | зара́зный |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| wipe out глагол | уничтожа́ть, уничто́жить |
| break down глагол | ломаться, сломаться |
| get off глагол | спуска́ться, спусти́ться |
| pick up глагол | подбира́ть, подобра́ть |
| send out глагол | высыла́ть, вы́слать |
| shut down глагол | выключить, остановить |
| sign up глагол | запи́сывать, записа́ть |
| slow down глагол | замедля́ть, заме́длить |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 4 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например doesn't, don't, isn't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «th»: thyroid /ˈθaɪ.ɹɔɪd/, ruthless /ˈɹuːθləs/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: nutshell /ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/, infectious /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/, sheer /ʃɪɚ/, revolutionize /ˌɹɛv.əˈl(j)u.ʃəˌnaɪz/, insulation /ˌɪnsəˈleɪʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: autoimmunity /ˌɔːtoʊɪˈmjuːnɪti/, kamikaze /ˌkɑː.mɪˈkɑː.ziː/, industrialize /ɪnˈdʌstɹiəlaɪz/, manageable /ˈmænəd͡ʒəb(ə)l/, nefarious /nɪˈfɛəɹi.əs/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: harass /həˈɹæs/, hygiene /ˈhaɪˌd͡ʒiːn/, harmful /ˈhɑɹmfl̩/, hostile /ˈhɑstəl/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, node /noʊd/, cartilage /ˈkɑɹ.təl.ɪd͡ʒ/, dissolve /dɪˈzɑlv/, industrialize /ɪnˈdʌstɹiəlaɪz/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как autoimmune, autoimmunity, activate.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.