Практика Shadowing: Is War Over? — A Paradox Explained - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Создание урока...
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Violence and war.
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The insane brutality of ISIS continues.
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The Russians are invading Ukraine, and the Palestinians and Israelis continue to slug it out.
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Does that make you feel gloomy?
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Well, don't.
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Because if you look at the numbers, war actually seems to be going out of fashion, while the global population is at an all-time high.
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It seems that we live in the most peaceful period in human history.
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How is this possible?
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As of September 2014, there were four conflicts going on in the world
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that had caused at least 10,000 people to die since January 2013.
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Nine conflicts that killed more than 1,000 people, and 13 that killed more than 100 since January 2013.
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Not really peaceful, but consider this.
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Of all the conflicts going on, none is an active war between countries.
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are either civil wars or local conflicts.
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Although civil wars are terrible and cause huge suffering, their impact is usually way smaller than a war between nations or empires.
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When two nations engage in war, they can mobilize much bigger forces, have access to all of the states' resources and logistics,
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and almost to all of the population.
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So why have we transitioned from wars between nation states to civil wars.
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A lot of it is to do with colonialism and the Cold War.
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When the Cold War ended, a major driver of armed conflict vanished too.
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But the breakup of the communist dictatorships revealed new or old tensions
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and brought new conflicts in the now freed states which often resulted in civil war.
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Much more importantly, in 1945, nearly all of Africa, much of Asia and parts of Latin America were under colonial rule.
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By 1990 all but a few islands were independent.
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But wait, couldn't you argue that what today's multinational corporations are doing in the third world is just as bad as colonialism?
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Let's look at Congo.
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It was established as a colony in 1885 by the Belgian king, an area 80 times the size of Belgium.
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Violence committed against the indigenous Congolese
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and the The ruthless system of economic exploitation had killed about half of the population by 1908.
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About 10 million Congolese were executed or starved to death.
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Millions were mutilated and traumatized.
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The economic exploitation of the Congo remained the top priority, and forced labor never really ceased completely until the end of Belgian rule in 1960,
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which is not really that long ago.
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So, no, colonialism was much worse than vulture capitalism is today, and it ended just two generations ago.
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Most of the conflicts that are going on right now are in areas that 60 years ago were under foreign control.
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But things are getting better.
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Until 1989, victory for one side in a civil war was common, while nowadays victories are much rarer.
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At the same time, negotiated endings have jumped from 10% to almost 40%.
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What about the rest of the world?
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Why have nation states stopped attacking each other?
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There are four major reasons.
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1. Democratization.
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The steady development from autocracy to democracy.
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Democracies hardly ever fight each other.
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Of all the state against state wars fought since 1900, only a minority were fought between democracies.
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2. Globalization.
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War is just not as effective at achieving economic goals as it used to be.
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Today it's almost always cheaper to buy resources on the global market than to seize them by force.
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People from other nations are more valuable to us alive than dead, which overall is a pretty new concept.
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3. War is so 20th century.
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Until World War I, warfare was seen as an inevitable part of the human experience
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and as a valuable tool which you could use to achieve goals when diplomacy hit a brick wall.
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Today we have rules that declare acts of aggression illegal
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and stipulate that armed force is only justified in self-defense or with the authority of the UN Security Council.
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These rules are still broken, but today it's harder to do so without sparking opposition and disapproval.
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Also, we have an international court for war crimes in The Hague, and that's a very recent innovation.
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4. Borders are mostly fixed now.
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In World War II, territorial wars generally stopped when most countries pledged to accept international borders and respect other nations' autonomy.
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But is all of this just an anomaly, or are we on the road to lasting peace?
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Truth is, we don't know yet.
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We need a big enough sample to rule out the historical average, which is about one or two big wars per century.
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We just haven't had enough time since World War II to rule out the possibility that war is not going away.
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If we don't have one major war in the next 75 years, we can be really confident that humanity is changing.
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So you see, war might be over.
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Yes, there are nasty conflicts going on in many places, but overall, things are getting better and we can make them even better by speaking up for peace and democracy.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
В этом видео 65 предложений и 819 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 5:26. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 151 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. 86% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 менее частых слов из видео с произношением и значением:
- resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ (существительное) — ресу́рс, запа́с. Something that one uses to achieve an objective, e.g. raw materials or personnel.
- exploitation /ˌɛksplɔɪˈteɪʃn̩/ (существительное) — эксплуата́ция, испо́льзование. The act of utilizing something; industry.
- argue /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ (глагол) — спо́рить, обсужда́ть. To show grounds for concluding (that); to indicate, imply.
- establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/ (глагол) — устана́вливать, установи́ть. To make stable or firm; to confirm.
- transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/ (существительное) — перехо́д, превраще́ние. The process of change from one form, state, style or place to another.
- suffer /ˈsʌfɚ/ (глагол) — страда́ть, му́чаться. To undergo hardship.
- reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/ (глагол) — выявля́ть, раскрыва́ть. To uncover; to show and display that which was hidden.
- minority /maɪˈnɒɹ.ɪ.ti/ (существительное) — несовершенноле́тие. The state or condition of being smaller, inferior, or subordinate to something or someone else; lesserness.
- priority /pɹaɪˈɒɹɪti/ (существительное) — приорите́т. An item's relative importance.
- insane /ɪnˈseɪn/ (прилагательное) — душевнобольно́й, невменя́емый. Exhibiting unsoundness or disorder of mind; not sane; utterly mad.
- commit /kəˈmɪt/ (глагол) — вверя́ть. To give in trust; to put into charge or keeping; to entrust; to consign; used with to or formerly unto.
- communist /ˈkɑ.mjə.nɪst/ (существительное) — коммуни́ст, коммуни́стка. An advocate of a society based on the common ownership of property; a proponent of communism.
- humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/ (существительное) — челове́чество. Humankind; human beings as a group.
- innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ (существительное) — нова́торство, иннова́ция. The act of innovating; the introduction of something new, in customs, rites, etc.
- steady /ˈstɪdi/ (прилагательное) — усто́йчивый. Firm in standing or position; not tottering or shaking; fixed; firm.
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
- go on /ˈɡoʊˌɒn/ (глагол) — продолжа́ть, продо́лжить. To continue in extent.
- rule out (глагол) — исключа́ть, исключи́ть. To cross an item out by drawing a straight line through it, as with a ruler.
- do in (глагол) — прико́нчить. To kill or end; to defeat.
- go away (глагол) — уходи́ть, уйти́. To depart or leave a place.
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 5 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например don't, couldn't, haven't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: exploitation /ˌɛksplɔɪˈteɪʃn̩/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, tension /ˈtɛnʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: minority /maɪˈnɒɹ.ɪ.ti/, priority /pɹaɪˈɒɹɪti/, humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, indigenous /ɪnˈdɪd͡ʒənəs/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как resource, exploitation, argue.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.