Pratique du Shadowing: Is War Over? — A Paradox Explained - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
Création de la leçon...
1
Violence and war.
2
The insane brutality of ISIS continues.
3
The Russians are invading Ukraine, and the Palestinians and Israelis continue to slug it out.
4
Does that make you feel gloomy?
5
Well, don't.
6
Because if you look at the numbers, war actually seems to be going out of fashion, while the global population is at an all-time high.
7
It seems that we live in the most peaceful period in human history.
8
How is this possible?
9
As of September 2014, there were four conflicts going on in the world
10
that had caused at least 10,000 people to die since January 2013.
11
Nine conflicts that killed more than 1,000 people, and 13 that killed more than 100 since January 2013.
12
Not really peaceful, but consider this.
13
Of all the conflicts going on, none is an active war between countries.
14
are either civil wars or local conflicts.
15
Although civil wars are terrible and cause huge suffering, their impact is usually way smaller than a war between nations or empires.
16
When two nations engage in war, they can mobilize much bigger forces, have access to all of the states' resources and logistics,
17
and almost to all of the population.
18
So why have we transitioned from wars between nation states to civil wars.
19
A lot of it is to do with colonialism and the Cold War.
20
When the Cold War ended, a major driver of armed conflict vanished too.
21
But the breakup of the communist dictatorships revealed new or old tensions
22
and brought new conflicts in the now freed states which often resulted in civil war.
23
Much more importantly, in 1945, nearly all of Africa, much of Asia and parts of Latin America were under colonial rule.
24
By 1990 all but a few islands were independent.
25
But wait, couldn't you argue that what today's multinational corporations are doing in the third world is just as bad as colonialism?
26
Let's look at Congo.
27
It was established as a colony in 1885 by the Belgian king, an area 80 times the size of Belgium.
28
Violence committed against the indigenous Congolese
29
and the The ruthless system of economic exploitation had killed about half of the population by 1908.
30
About 10 million Congolese were executed or starved to death.
31
Millions were mutilated and traumatized.
32
The economic exploitation of the Congo remained the top priority, and forced labor never really ceased completely until the end of Belgian rule in 1960,
33
which is not really that long ago.
34
So, no, colonialism was much worse than vulture capitalism is today, and it ended just two generations ago.
35
Most of the conflicts that are going on right now are in areas that 60 years ago were under foreign control.
36
But things are getting better.
37
Until 1989, victory for one side in a civil war was common, while nowadays victories are much rarer.
38
At the same time, negotiated endings have jumped from 10% to almost 40%.
39
What about the rest of the world?
40
Why have nation states stopped attacking each other?
41
There are four major reasons.
42
1. Democratization.
43
The steady development from autocracy to democracy.
44
Democracies hardly ever fight each other.
45
Of all the state against state wars fought since 1900, only a minority were fought between democracies.
46
2. Globalization.
47
War is just not as effective at achieving economic goals as it used to be.
48
Today it's almost always cheaper to buy resources on the global market than to seize them by force.
49
People from other nations are more valuable to us alive than dead, which overall is a pretty new concept.
50
3. War is so 20th century.
51
Until World War I, warfare was seen as an inevitable part of the human experience
52
and as a valuable tool which you could use to achieve goals when diplomacy hit a brick wall.
53
Today we have rules that declare acts of aggression illegal
54
and stipulate that armed force is only justified in self-defense or with the authority of the UN Security Council.
55
These rules are still broken, but today it's harder to do so without sparking opposition and disapproval.
56
Also, we have an international court for war crimes in The Hague, and that's a very recent innovation.
57
4. Borders are mostly fixed now.
58
In World War II, territorial wars generally stopped when most countries pledged to accept international borders and respect other nations' autonomy.
59
But is all of this just an anomaly, or are we on the road to lasting peace?
60
Truth is, we don't know yet.
61
We need a big enough sample to rule out the historical average, which is about one or two big wars per century.
62
We just haven't had enough time since World War II to rule out the possibility that war is not going away.
63
If we don't have one major war in the next 75 years, we can be really confident that humanity is changing.
64
So you see, war might be over.
65
Yes, there are nasty conflicts going on in many places, but overall, things are getting better and we can make them even better by speaking up for peace and democracy.
📺 Même chaîne
C198
Can Earth Run Out of Water?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1531
What If You Never Slept?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C171
Could Humans Evolve Flight?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C164
What the Flu Does to Your Body
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C16
3 Reasons Why Nuclear Energy Is Terrible! 2/3
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
What Is Life? Is Death Real?
University StudentsWorking Adults
C1148
How Antidepressants Work
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1757
How Stress Changes Your Brain
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C15
How ADHD Medication Works
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
The Most Complex Language in the World
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
Your Brain Peaked at Birth
University StudentsWorking Adults
C170
We Won’t Explore the Galaxy...
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B25
Let’s Steal a New Moon
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
What Happens AFTER Nuclear War?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
3 Reasons Why Nuclear Energy Is Awesome! 3/3
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
Why Ebola Keeps Coming Back
University StudentsWorking Adults
B252
Can We Stop the Extinction?
University StudentsWorking Adults
B26
YOU Own the Moon. And Mars. And Venus.
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1209
The True Cost of War
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C235
Nuclear Energy Explained: How does it work? 1/3
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
✨ Vidéo recommandée
C11
101 phrases
Is The World Getting More Violent?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C142
66 phrases
What science can’t answer, according to physicist Jim Al-Khalili | Big Think
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
216 phrases
Why Britain Can't Fix Immigration
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B2291 phrases
Why did white men conquer the world?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B21
233 phrases
Pourquoi les États-Unis ont-ils perdu la Guerre du Vietnam ?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
14 phrases
العالم صار زي الغاب القوي يتحكم في العالم ! #الشرق_الأوسط #اكسبلور #العالم_العربي
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
86 phrases
The Most Ridiculous War Humans Ever Fought
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
140 phrases
Where Did Democracy Come From, and Does It Still Work?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
183 phrases
History Professor Answers Corruption Questions | Tech Support | WIRED
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
384 phrases
President Obama Speaks at the General Assembly
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B26
63 phrases
What If Russia Started World War 3?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 65 phrases et 819 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 5:26. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 151 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. 86 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots moins courants de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
- resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ (nom) — ressource. Something that one uses to achieve an objective, e.g. raw materials or personnel.
- exploitation /ˌɛksplɔɪˈteɪʃn̩/ (nom) — exploitation. The act of utilizing something; industry.
- argue /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ (verbe) — affirmer, débattre. To show grounds for concluding (that); to indicate, imply.
- establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/ (verbe) — affermir, instaurer. To make stable or firm; to confirm.
- transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/ (nom) — transition. The process of change from one form, state, style or place to another.
- suffer /ˈsʌfɚ/ (verbe) — souffrir. To undergo hardship.
- reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/ (verbe) — révéler. To uncover; to show and display that which was hidden.
- minority /maɪˈnɒɹ.ɪ.ti/ (nom) — minorité. The state or condition of being smaller, inferior, or subordinate to something or someone else; lesserness.
- priority /pɹaɪˈɒɹɪti/ (nom) — priorité. An item's relative importance.
- insane /ɪnˈseɪn/ (adjectif) — dérangé, délirant. Exhibiting unsoundness or disorder of mind; not sane; utterly mad.
- engage /ɪnˈɡeɪd͡ʒ/ (verbe) — attirer l'attention. To engross or hold the attention of; to keep busy or occupied.
- commit /kəˈmɪt/ (verbe) — confier, commettre. To give in trust; to put into charge or keeping; to entrust; to consign; used with to or formerly unto.
- communist /ˈkɑ.mjə.nɪst/ (nom) — communiste. An advocate of a society based on the common ownership of property; a proponent of communism.
- humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/ (nom) — humanité. Humankind; human beings as a group.
- innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ (nom) — innovation. The act of innovating; the introduction of something new, in customs, rites, etc.
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
- go on /ˈɡoʊˌɒn/ (verbe) — continuer. To continue in extent.
- look at (verbe) — regarder. To observe or watch.
- rule out (verbe) — barrer, biffer. To cross an item out by drawing a straight line through it, as with a ruler.
- do in (verbe) — tuer, zigouiller. To kill or end; to defeat.
- go away (verbe) — partir, s'en aller. To depart or leave a place.
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 5 contractions et formes réduites, comme don't, couldn't, haven't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: exploitation /ˌɛksplɔɪˈteɪʃn̩/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, tension /ˈtɛnʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: minority /maɪˈnɒɹ.ɪ.ti/, priority /pɹaɪˈɒɹɪti/, humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, indigenous /ɪnˈdɪd͡ʒənəs/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme resource, exploitation, argue.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.