Shadowing Practice: Is War Over? — A Paradox Explained - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Violence and war.
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The insane brutality of ISIS continues.
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The Russians are invading Ukraine, and the Palestinians and Israelis continue to slug it out.
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Does that make you feel gloomy?
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Well, don't.
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Because if you look at the numbers, war actually seems to be going out of fashion, while the global population is at an all-time high.
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It seems that we live in the most peaceful period in human history.
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How is this possible?
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As of September 2014, there were four conflicts going on in the world
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that had caused at least 10,000 people to die since January 2013.
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Nine conflicts that killed more than 1,000 people, and 13 that killed more than 100 since January 2013.
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Not really peaceful, but consider this.
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Of all the conflicts going on, none is an active war between countries.
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are either civil wars or local conflicts.
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Although civil wars are terrible and cause huge suffering, their impact is usually way smaller than a war between nations or empires.
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When two nations engage in war, they can mobilize much bigger forces, have access to all of the states' resources and logistics,
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and almost to all of the population.
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So why have we transitioned from wars between nation states to civil wars.
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A lot of it is to do with colonialism and the Cold War.
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When the Cold War ended, a major driver of armed conflict vanished too.
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But the breakup of the communist dictatorships revealed new or old tensions
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and brought new conflicts in the now freed states which often resulted in civil war.
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Much more importantly, in 1945, nearly all of Africa, much of Asia and parts of Latin America were under colonial rule.
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By 1990 all but a few islands were independent.
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But wait, couldn't you argue that what today's multinational corporations are doing in the third world is just as bad as colonialism?
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Let's look at Congo.
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It was established as a colony in 1885 by the Belgian king, an area 80 times the size of Belgium.
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Violence committed against the indigenous Congolese
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and the The ruthless system of economic exploitation had killed about half of the population by 1908.
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About 10 million Congolese were executed or starved to death.
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Millions were mutilated and traumatized.
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The economic exploitation of the Congo remained the top priority, and forced labor never really ceased completely until the end of Belgian rule in 1960,
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which is not really that long ago.
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So, no, colonialism was much worse than vulture capitalism is today, and it ended just two generations ago.
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Most of the conflicts that are going on right now are in areas that 60 years ago were under foreign control.
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But things are getting better.
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Until 1989, victory for one side in a civil war was common, while nowadays victories are much rarer.
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At the same time, negotiated endings have jumped from 10% to almost 40%.
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What about the rest of the world?
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Why have nation states stopped attacking each other?
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There are four major reasons.
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1. Democratization.
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The steady development from autocracy to democracy.
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Democracies hardly ever fight each other.
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Of all the state against state wars fought since 1900, only a minority were fought between democracies.
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2. Globalization.
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War is just not as effective at achieving economic goals as it used to be.
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Today it's almost always cheaper to buy resources on the global market than to seize them by force.
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People from other nations are more valuable to us alive than dead, which overall is a pretty new concept.
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3. War is so 20th century.
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Until World War I, warfare was seen as an inevitable part of the human experience
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and as a valuable tool which you could use to achieve goals when diplomacy hit a brick wall.
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Today we have rules that declare acts of aggression illegal
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and stipulate that armed force is only justified in self-defense or with the authority of the UN Security Council.
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These rules are still broken, but today it's harder to do so without sparking opposition and disapproval.
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Also, we have an international court for war crimes in The Hague, and that's a very recent innovation.
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4. Borders are mostly fixed now.
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In World War II, territorial wars generally stopped when most countries pledged to accept international borders and respect other nations' autonomy.
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But is all of this just an anomaly, or are we on the road to lasting peace?
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Truth is, we don't know yet.
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We need a big enough sample to rule out the historical average, which is about one or two big wars per century.
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We just haven't had enough time since World War II to rule out the possibility that war is not going away.
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If we don't have one major war in the next 75 years, we can be really confident that humanity is changing.
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So you see, war might be over.
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Yes, there are nasty conflicts going on in many places, but overall, things are getting better and we can make them even better by speaking up for peace and democracy.
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Este vídeo tiene 65 frases y 819 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 5:26. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 151 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. El 86 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
15 palabras menos comunes del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:
- resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ (sustantivo) — recurso. Something that one uses to achieve an objective, e.g. raw materials or personnel.
- exploitation /ˌɛksplɔɪˈteɪʃn̩/ (sustantivo) — explotación. The act of utilizing something; industry.
- argue /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ (verbo) — argüir, argumentar. To show grounds for concluding (that); to indicate, imply.
- establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/ (verbo) — establecer, establir. To make stable or firm; to confirm.
- transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/ (sustantivo) — transición. The process of change from one form, state, style or place to another.
- suffer /ˈsʌfɚ/ (verbo) — sufrir, penar. To undergo hardship.
- reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/ (verbo) — revelar, propalar. To uncover; to show and display that which was hidden.
- minority /maɪˈnɒɹ.ɪ.ti/ (sustantivo) — minoría. The state or condition of being smaller, inferior, or subordinate to something or someone else; lesserness.
- priority /pɹaɪˈɒɹɪti/ (sustantivo) — prioridad. An item's relative importance.
- insane /ɪnˈseɪn/ (adjetivo) — enfermo mental, enajenado. Exhibiting unsoundness or disorder of mind; not sane; utterly mad.
- engage /ɪnˈɡeɪd͡ʒ/ (verbo) — embebecer, embelesar. To engross or hold the attention of; to keep busy or occupied.
- commit /kəˈmɪt/ (verbo) — encomendar. To give in trust; to put into charge or keeping; to entrust; to consign; used with to or formerly unto.
- communist /ˈkɑ.mjə.nɪst/ (sustantivo) — comunista. An advocate of a society based on the common ownership of property; a proponent of communism.
- humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/ (sustantivo) — humanidad. Humankind; human beings as a group.
- innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ (sustantivo) — innovación. The act of innovating; the introduction of something new, in customs, rites, etc.
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
- go on /ˈɡoʊˌɒn/ (verbo) — continuar. To continue in extent.
- look at (verbo) — mirar, funar. To observe or watch.
- rule out (verbo) — descartar. To cross an item out by drawing a straight line through it, as with a ruler.
- go away (verbo) — irse, marcharse. To depart or leave a place.
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 5 contracciones y formas reducidas, como don't, couldn't, haven't. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: exploitation /ˌɛksplɔɪˈteɪʃn̩/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, tension /ˈtɛnʃən/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: minority /maɪˈnɒɹ.ɪ.ti/, priority /pɹaɪˈɒɹɪti/, humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, indigenous /ɪnˈdɪd͡ʒənəs/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como resource, exploitation, argue.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.