シャドーイング練習: When Your Body Attacks Itself – Autoimmune - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
レッスンを作成中...
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Your immune system is an omnipresent, terrifying entity made of billions of nuclear weapons and kamikaze bombers, saturating every little tissue, bone and fluid in your body.
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It scans, patrols, and when it finds an enemy — it kills.
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But what if it suddenly decides that you are the enemy?
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This is the betrayal of autoimmunity – diseases like Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, celiac disease, lupus and Crohn's disease and many more.
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Literally every tissue can be affected, from your nerves to your thyroid or joints.
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They are all unique and different kinds of bad, from manageable to life changing to deadly.
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All share one fundamental property: Your immune system thinks some healthy part of you is the enemy.
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It’s like a country attacking itself: fighter jets bomb roads, snipers hunt doctors and baristas, artillery levels daycare centers.
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While there is usually a certain amount of genetic risk for autoimmunity, to get an actual autoimmune disease you also need a colossal case of bad luck on top of that.
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How does this work?
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The Shape Of Life The fundamental building blocks of life are proteins.
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Like ultra complex lego blocks each of them has a precise shape, allowing them to perform highly specific tasks, like breaking down food or transcribing DNA.
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In total your body produces about 100,000 different proteins, or shapes.
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Your immune system evolved to constantly check the proteins of your cells and look for shapes that are not you – and to kill whatever is attached to them violently and brutally.
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Autoimmunity is when your soldier cells suddenly think that your own healthy and natural proteins belong to an enemy.
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We explained this in more detail in this video – but in a nutshell: This is such a critical danger to your survival that your body created an entire murder university to prevent this from happening.
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Here, young immune cells go through ruthless training: if they recognize the shapes of your own proteins, they are executed immediately.
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But sometimes through sheer, dumb luck one makes it through.
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Right at this moment you probably have a few million cells patrolling your body with the potential to trigger an autoimmune disease.
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Another way to trigger autoimmunity is through our enemies: Some bacteria and viruses have evolved proteins that are extremely similar to the ones in your own body.
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Because they just have to if they want to interact with your cells – and to stay hidden.
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We see this everywhere in nature, from moths that look like bark or crocodiles that disappear in muddy water.
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For bacteria your tissue is a hostile jungle full of angry predators looking for them.
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So they try to cover themselves in shapes that are very similar to your proteins.
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But both of these things are not enough, the final ingredient is a trigger event.
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And a colossal case of bad luck.
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The War That Never Ends The trigger can be anything that activates your defenses.
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A common cold, the flu, a tiny wound.
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Any sort of infection floods your body with cytokines, signals that tell your body “this is a real fight, take this seriously” which truly wakes up your immune system.
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Intelligence cells start to gather proteins – shapes – from the battlefield.
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These shapes are the physical information of what is going on and are carried to your lymph nodes, information distribution centers.
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Here, your heavy weapons – T cells – pass through, taking a look at the shapes that are being presented here.
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If they recognize the shape of an invader they activate the whole immune system and a few days later the attacker will be wiped out.
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But this time the worst things happen in the worst kind of way.
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Maybe an intelligence officer picked up a piece of one of your healthy cells that died in the battle, or maybe a bacteria had a protein pretty similar to one of yours. And by sheer, extremely bad luck, a few months ago a single T cell that can recognize this shape survived the murder university.
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And today exactly this T cell happened to pass exactly this lymph node and is activated.
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This single T cell now starts a big immune reaction against your own body.
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It clones itself thousands of times, gathers other cells for support and streams into your tissue.
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When the misguided immune cells arrive they see nothing but enemies!
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The proteins they are looking for are everywhere!
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Which can only mean that there is a full on invasion going on!
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They spread out and start attacking and killing your tissue.
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How bad is this?
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Well, it depends.
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There are more than 100 different autoimmune diseases and basically any tissue can be affected.
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In Multiple Sclerosis your immune cells are attacking the insulation of your nerve cells, making them sort of short circuit or slow down dramatically.
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Causing numbness, muscle cramps, problems with your vision and concentration.
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In Type 1 Diabetes your immune system kills the cells that produce your insulin in your pancreas, starving your cells of glucose and turning your blood into acid.
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In Rheumatoid Arthritis angry cells invade your joints and literally start to dissolve cartilage and bone.
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Lupus is a body-wide Blitzkrieg that attacks literally every part of your body causing painful, unpredictable and widespread destruction with a variety of bad symptoms.
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And almost all autoimmune diseases come with crushing fatigue and exhaustion.
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Because when you are sick, your immune system tells your body to shut down and rest.
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Even if the immune system is itself the attacker, it still sends out the same orders.
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It feels like you have the flu but the real enemy is your own body.
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The worst part about autoimmunity is that it never stops.
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Your immune system is a self enforcing machine of destruction.
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The more “enemies” your initial autoimmunity cells encounter the more cells they clone and activate.
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So its nature prevents lasting peace.
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Why is your Body allowing this?
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Most, if not all, autoimmune diseases have a genetic component but this is kind of weird.
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If some variants of genes are actively harmful to us, evolution should weed them out and make them less common.
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But up to one in ten people in the industrialized world suffers from them.
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So why did they stick around?
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Well when it comes to genes, we often have to work with trade offs – at their core autoimmune diseases always mean that your immune system is more aggressive – and while this is mostly bad, until recently in human history, this was pretty great.
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In the past infectious diseases were the most common cause of death.
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Terrible pandemics ravaged our cities regularly, sometimes decimating communities.
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Researchers analyzed DNA samples from London cemeteries before, during, and after the Black Death pandemic that killed about half of the population.
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They found that individuals with gene variants that increase the risk for Crohn’s disease, seemed to have died at a much lower rate.
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What helped them against a deadly disease back then might make us vulnerable to autoimmunity today.
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Evolution doesn’t care about perfect solutions, it is only looking for good enough.
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If variants made it more likely to survive the deadliest diseases, why care if down the line this might lead to something else?
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If you have an autoimmune disease you may only be alive because your ancestors carried these genes and survived a pandemic that wiped out their neighbours.
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And then a hot second ago we changed our world.
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Hygiene, antibiotics, vaccines and modern medicine revolutionized our lives and how we die.
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So much so that most of us don’t even think a lot about infectious diseases – and this is great.
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But now we are left with genes that make our immune systems more aggressive for no good reason.
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Add a bit of bad luck and all these billions of nuclear weapons and kamikaze bombers take aim at the wrong target: You.
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Your immune system isn’t the only part of yourself that can be turned against you.
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Data brokers are constantly collecting personal information like your name, address or information about your relatives.
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This data is valuable and can be sold to companies who want to show you ads that are tailored to you – but also more nefarious buyers who want to dox you, harass you, or even steal your identity.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このC1レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「When Your Body Attacks Itself – Autoimmune」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：cell, immune, disease, shape, protein。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が89文、単語が1557語あります。 音声の長さは9:33です。 話す速さは1分あたり約163語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は78%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| autoimmune 形容詞 | /ˌɔːtəʊɪˈmjuːn/ | 自己免疫の |
| autoimmunity 名詞 | /ˌɔːtoʊɪˈmjuːnɪti/ | 自己免疫 |
| bacterium 名詞 | /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/ | 細菌, バクテリア |
| nutshell 名詞 | /ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/ | 木の実の殻 |
| variant 名詞 | /ˈvæɹi.ənt/ | 変体, 変種 |
| colossal 形容詞 | /kəˈlɑsəl/ | 巨大な |
| kamikaze 名詞 | /ˌkɑː.mɪˈkɑː.ziː/ | 神風攻撃, 神風 |
| lymph 名詞 | /lɪmf/ | リンパ液 |
| clone 名詞 | /kloʊn/ | クローン |
| infectious 形容詞 | /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/ | 感染性 |
| node 名詞 | /noʊd/ | 結節 |
| bomber 名詞 | /ˈbɑmɚ/ | 爆撃機 |
| broker 名詞 | /ˈbɹoʊkɚ/ | 仲立人, ブローカー |
| wipe 動詞 | /waɪp/ | 拭く |
| sheer 形容詞 | /ʃɪɚ/ | 透明な |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| wipe out 動詞 | 一掃する | |
| get off 動詞 | 降りる | |
| pick up 動詞 | 拾う, 拾い上げる | |
| shut down 動詞 | シャットダウン | |
| slow down 動詞 | 遅らせる | |
| wake up 動詞 | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | 目覚める, 目を覚ます |
注意したい発音
話し手はdoesn't, don't, isn'tなど、短縮形や弱形を4回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「th」の音: thyroid /ˈθaɪ.ɹɔɪd/, ruthless /ˈɹuːθləs/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: nutshell /ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/, infectious /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/, sheer /ʃɪɚ/, revolutionize /ˌɹɛv.əˈl(j)u.ʃəˌnaɪz/, insulation /ˌɪnsəˈleɪʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: autoimmunity /ˌɔːtoʊɪˈmjuːnɪti/, kamikaze /ˌkɑː.mɪˈkɑː.ziː/, industrialize /ɪnˈdʌstɹiəlaɪz/, manageable /ˈmænəd͡ʒəb(ə)l/, nefarious /nɪˈfɛəɹi.əs/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: sclerosis /skləˈɹəʊ.sɪs/, cartilage /ˈkɑɹ.təl.ɪd͡ʒ/, crocodile /ˈkɹɑkədaɪl/, industrialize /ɪnˈdʌstɹiəlaɪz/, revolutionize /ˌɹɛv.əˈl(j)u.ʃəˌnaɪz/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/, variant /ˈvæɹi.ənt/, evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, dissolve /dɪˈzɑlv/, invader /ɪnˈveɪ.də(ɹ)/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: lymph /lɪmf/, infectious /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/, nefarious /nɪˈfɛəɹi.əs/, terrify /ˈtɛɹɪfaɪ/, flock /flɑk/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。autoimmune, autoimmunity, bacteriumなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。