シャドーイング練習: The Rise And Fall Of The Mall - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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74 文
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This is what many of America's malls look like today.
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Empty.
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Eerie.
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Dead.
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And while the pandemic has most people avoiding indoor gathering spaces, social distancing is not what emptied out the mall.
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This footage is from 2018.
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For decades, the mall was both an economic and social hub, and for many, a way of life.
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Now many malls in the United States have either collapsed or are on the verge.
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So how did we go from this to this?
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The story of the mall begins in the 1950s, when America was experiencing an unprecedented economic boom.
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The middle class had more money to spend than ever before, and they were spending it on houses and cars.
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Along with this came Eisenhower's Federal Aid Highway Act, which meant that people could drive to their jobs in the cities while living in a new kind of development, the suburbs.
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Suburban populations rose astronomically, but they lacked what sociologist Ray Oldenburg called third places.
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Under this model, home is the first place where you live, the second place is the the workplace.
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And third places are the vital spaces where people go to exchange ideas, form relationships, and create communities.
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This could be a park, a bar, or in today's times, social media platforms.
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In other words, the third place is a place to hang out.
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Enter Victor Gruen, a man who had later become the king of retail for the era.
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Gruen, who ironically was a staunch socialist, had already made a name for himself in America designing in boutique shops and storefronts,
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but now wanted to create something far more ambitious, an indoor downtown.
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And what would prove to be his boldest and most enduring project yet, Gruen set about designing the mall.
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On October 8th 1956, America's first indoor mall, the Southdale Center in Adena, Minnesota opened its doors.
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Like no building ever constructed before, the Southdale Center not only had shops but fountains, art installations, a bird sanctuary,
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and a sprawling courtyard, all within a single indoor complex.
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The mall received mostly rave reviews, deeming it an attraction on par with Disneyland, which had just opened a year earlier in 1955.
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Walt Disney himself even cited Gruen as his main influence for the ideas behind Epcot.
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With Southdale all over the news, everyone wanted to go to the mall.
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Malls began springing up in every American suburb, along with large shopping center-mall hybrids and everything in between.
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By 1960, just four years after Gruen's first mall, there were 4,500 large shopping complexes in the United States,
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which averages to at least three new shopping centers opening every day.
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By 1975, malls and shopping centers accounted for 33% of all retail sales in America.
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But Gruen's utopian vision for the mall had not been realized.
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food courts were installed where courtyards were supposed to be, instead of cosmopolitan communities, developers often surrounded malls with enormous parking lots and suburban housing projects,
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exactly what Gruen was trying to thwart.
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Whereas the mall was designed to be the communal remedy for suburban individualism, it instead became its most potent catalyst.
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and the 1980s began the mall's golden age.
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I hate work in the theater.
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All the actions on the other side of the mall.
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Shopping complexes continued to build at a rate of over 1,000 per year.
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And in 1986, Consumer Reports named the shopping mall, alongside the birth control pill, antibiotics, and the personal computer,
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one of the top 50 wonders that has revolutionized the lives of consumers.
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Movies, board games, and even concert tours all centered around the mall.
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Edie's teenagers even looked at the mall as a place to which they could escape and socialize, as was epitomized in the cult classic movie Mallrats.
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I loved the smell of commerce in the morning.
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The American mall would reach its peak in 1992 with its final evolution, the Mega Mall.
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Fittingly, in the same state as America's first mall, the Mall of America in Bloomington, spans a whopping 5.6 million square feet,
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with over 500 stores, a theme park with 27 rides, an aquarium, a wedding chapel, and a movie theater.
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The Mega Mall was immensely profitable.
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Reports showed that consumers were 50% more likely to buy something at an attraction-filled Mega Mall than at a regular mall,
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leading to several more Mega Malls being built across the 50 states.
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But Mega Mall's gargantuan size, coupled with an unsustainable rate of construction, would lead to the collapse of the mall itself.
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Although thousands of malls of all different shapes and sizes were built in the latter half of the 20th century, the basic mall layout had remained the same since 1956.
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Two large department stores at either end, connected by smaller shops in between.
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The bookending department stores are known as anchor stores and serve as the main attractions for the rest of the mall.
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With so many malls being built in close proximity to one another, the newer malls would often poach the department stores from the older ones nearby.
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Stores like Macy's or Sears would relocate to bigger, more popular roller coaster riding mall locations,
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and the older malls without their anchors would be left to drift away and drown.
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As the 2000s progressed, consumer habits shifted away from the department store altogether.
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Macy's, for instance, has been steadily closing stores since 2005, most of them in malls.
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Department store-sized vacancies are difficult to refill, and with other, better malls often nearby, there is little that can be done to save a failing mall,
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which is why hundreds of malls have already been pronounced dead.
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The dead mall has even become its own aesthetic, capturing the imaginations of several internet photographers and filmmakers.
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The 2017 Credit Suisse report estimated that one in four U.S malls would close by 2022.
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As foot traffic declined, developers believed the future of the mall to be less about shopping
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and more about the extravagant experiences offered by the biggest mega malls — bowling alleys,
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laser tag, go-karts, and other activities that could only be found outside the house.
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Investors were hopeful that this would be achieved with the creation of the American Dream Mega Mall in East Rutherford, New Jersey.
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Opened in 2019, this behemoth houses not only a theme park, but also a water park, an ice rink, and an indoor skiing complex.
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But in a world of social distancing, even America's most spectacular malls are floundering.
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As of June 2020, the Mall Mall of America was unable to meet its billion-dollar mortgage payments for the second straight month,
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and the American Dream had laid off 100 employees.
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Will malls ever recover their mainstay status in American culture, or will we look to new types of third places in our post-pandemic future?
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Only time will tell, but one thing is certain, there is plenty of space for something new.
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We reached out to the Mall of America and the American Dream Mega Mall, but received no response.
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この動画は誰におすすめ？
中級レベルの英語学習者で、英語シャドーイングの練習に適したリアルな会話スピーチを探している人に最適です。アメリカのモールの歴史を通して、社会現象や経済用語、日常的な表現が自然に織り込まれており、リスニングとスピーキングの両方を鍛えることができます。特に、物語の流れに沿って語彙や文法を覚えたい人におすすめです。
覚えておきたい単語・イディオム
- eerie：不気味な、不思議な。「Empty. Eerie. Dead.」のように、情景を鮮やかに表現するのに使えます。
- unprecedented：前例のない。経済成長や変化を説明する時に便利な単語です。
- third places：第三の場所。家庭（第一）、職場（第二）以外の社交の場を指し、shadowspeakの練習でも頻出する概念です。
- utopian vision：ユートピア的なビジョン。理想的な計画や考え方を表すフレーズです。
発音を上手にするコツ
この動画のスピーカーはアメリカ英語で、特にshadow speakの練習に適した明瞭な発音で話しています。英語の発音を良くするためには、以下のポイントに注意しましょう。
- 単語の強弱：「economic boom」のように、名詞に強調を置くことでリズムを出します。
- 子音の発音：「suburban」の「b」や「d」をはっきりと発音し、曖昧にならないようにします。
- イントネーション：疑問文では上がるイントネーションを、説明部分では平らなイントネーションを使うことで、意味を明確にします。
これらのポイントを意識してshadowspeaksの練習を続けると、自然なアメリカ英語の発音が身につきます。
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | had not been realized · were installed · was designed |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | has revolutionized · has been · have already been pronounced |
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。