シャドーイング練習: Why Cashew Nuts Are So Expensive | So Expensive | Business Insider - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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Cashews grow in select tropical climates around the world, from the bottom of a hanging fruit like this.
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Just one kilogram of cashews can cost $10 wholesale.
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That's over seven times as much as peanuts.
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And in the U .S., retail prices for whole cashews can reach $15 per pound.
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But without intensive, precise processing, these nuts wouldn't be edible at all.
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So how exactly are cashews processed?
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And is this what makes them so expensive?
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In 2017, the world ate 770 ,000 metric tons of cashews.
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They're one of the most popular and valuable nuts in the world, worth over $6 billion today.
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Cashews grow in tropical locations like India, Vietnam, Ivory Coast, and here in Sri Lanka.
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The trees are a member of the same family as poison ivy.
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And like poison ivy, cashew plants contain a toxin called urushiol.
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It's found in the plant itself and the brown oil inside a nut's shell.
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It can cause burns, itches, and blisters, which is why unprocessed cashews are considered dangerous to eat or touch.
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It's also why they require more rigorous processing than other nuts.
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Each fruit grows just one shelled nut, called a droop, which workers separate by hand.
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The nuts must then dry under the sun to help draw out some of the shell's caustic liquid.
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The most difficult and dangerous step is splitting open the nut, since toxic oil still coats the droops.
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Cashews are brittle, so factories used to do this step manually to ensure machines wouldn't break the nuts.
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But doing this by hand has frequently raised issues within the industry.
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NGOs have called out some factories for overworking employees
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and putting workers at risk of burning themselves if they can't afford to buy gloves for protection.
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Today machines are advanced enough to crack the shells cleanly, keeping the majority of nuts intact and helping minimize risks to workers.
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After a machine splits open the shells, the next two crucial stages totally depend on workers, who have to do them by hand.
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The nuts are roasted to ensure, again, that the toxic liquid inside is destroyed.
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The next stage is particularly tedious, as it relies entirely on handiwork.
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workers must peel off the husk or the dry outer covering
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that surrounds each nut because it's high in tannins
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and could irritate your throat removing
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it is a skill one masters with practice experienced workers de -skin only about two
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and a half kilograms of cashews each night this step is not only difficult
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but also has the biggest impact on price
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Cashews are graded by several features, like color, weight, and condition.
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Large whole nuts are most valuable.
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If you have a lot of cashews, you can get a lot of cashews.
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Because cashews can only be harvested once a year, growers like Laharu save a portion of the nuts in stock
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so that they can continue making a profit in the months ahead.
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But it comes at a steep cost.
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Just stocking the nuts costs Laharu more than $65 ,000 each year.
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It was a long time ago.
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It was a long time ago.
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It was a long time ago.
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It was a long time ago.
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It was a long time ago.
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It was a long time ago.
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It was a long time ago.
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It was a long time ago.
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It was a long time ago.
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If you buy some of the cashews, you can buy some of the cashews.
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If you buy some of the cashews, you can buy some of the cashews.
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This causes prices to fluctuate a bit year -round.
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In December, Laharu's supply has decreased, so prices typically increase.
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But it also depends on each country's supply chain.
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While Sri Lanka processes and sells many of its own cashews domestically, other countries export much of what they grow.
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It's likely that many of the cashews you buy in the U .S or Europe were grown in Africa, processed in Vietnam or India,
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and finally exported to the Western market.
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Africa produces half of the world's supply of cashews.
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Ivory Coast, for example, produced about 730 ,000 metric tons of raw cashews in 2019.
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But it exported over 90 % of that.
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This is because Ivory Coast and other African countries still don't have a robust processing industry.
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Ivory Coast plans to expand domestic processing by 2024, but without it, cashews are significantly less valuable. In 2018,
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the export price of cashews processed in India
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and exported to Europe was 250 % higher than the price paid to Ivory Coast farmers customers.
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Vietnam, on the other hand, was one of the first countries to invest in automation, making it a key location for processing cashews.
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Today Vietnam is the largest cashew exporter in the world.
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In just the first three months of 2021, the country exported over 108 ,000 tons of cashews.
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Automation has also lessened the need to hire workers, which is a reason many factories in India and Sri Lanka still process manually.
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By hand or machine, processing cashews is no easy task.
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And the world's climate crisis could make it even harder.
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A 2013 report on the climate's impact on cashews shows unseasonal rains
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and heavy dew can impact the quality and quantity of the nuts.
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Just this year, Lahiru's harvest came late because of it.
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We're going to eat the nut and the nut.
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Amidst climate challenges, cashews continue to be popular.
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Healthy eating trends are key to driving demand, along with the versatility of the cashew itself, another reason the nut remains so valuable.
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Whether used as a snack, cooking paste, or an alternative to milk or butter, cashews have many applications around the world.
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researchers predict the market will grow to $7 billion by 2025.
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And although cashews are currently cheaper than they've been in recent years, demand is likely to drive prices higher in the future.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Why Cashew Nuts Are So Expensive」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：cashew, nut, workers, price, processing。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が78文、単語が960語あります。 音声の長さは8:20です。 話す速さは1分あたり約115語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は76%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| worker 名詞 | /ˈwɝ.kɚ/ | 労働者, 勤労者 |
| export 名詞 | /ˈɛks.pɔɹt/ | 輸出品 |
| shell 名詞 | /ʃɛl/ | 殻, 貝殻 |
| ton 名詞 | /tʌn/ | トン |
| liquid 名詞 | /ˈlɪk.wɪd/ | 液体, 流体 |
| toxic 形容詞 | /ˈtɒk.sɪk/ | 毒性 |
| depend 動詞 | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | 依存する |
| tropical 形容詞 | /ˈtɹɑ.pɪ.kəl/ | 熱帯, 回帰線 |
| poison 名詞 | /ˈpɔɪ.zən/ | 毒 |
| harvest 名詞 | /ˈhɑɹ.vəst/ | 収穫 |
| automation 名詞 | /ˌɔ.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/ | 自動化, オートメーション |
| select 動詞 | /sɪˈlɛkt/ | 選ぶ |
| skill 名詞 | /skɪl/ | 腕, 技 |
| crack 名詞 | /kɹæk/ | ひび, 亀裂 |
| butter 名詞 | /ˈbʌtɚ/ | バター, 牛酪 |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | are considered · are roasted · are graded |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | have called · has decreased · has also lessened |
| 関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える | blisters, which is · workers, which is |
注意したい発音
話し手はwouldn't, can't, don'tなど、短縮形や弱形を7回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: shell /ʃɛl/, automation /ˌɔ.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, cashew /ˈkæʃuː/, urushiol /ʊˈɹuːʃiˌɔl/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: automation /ˌɔ.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/, manually /ˈmænj(u)əliː/, urushiol /ʊˈɹuːʃiˌɔl/, versatility /ˌvɜː.səˈtɪl.ɪ.tiː/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: tropical /ˈtɹɑ.pɪ.kəl/, rely /ɹɪˈlaɪ/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, kilogram /ˈkɪləɡɹæm/, brittle /ˈbɹɪtəl/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: harvest /ˈhɑɹ.vəst/, invest /ɪnˈvɛst/, intensive /ɪnˈtɛnsɪv/, glove /ɡlʌv/, overwork /ˈəʊvəˌwɜːk/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: farmer /ˈfɑɹ.mɚ/, fluctuate /ˈflʌkt͡ʃu.eɪt/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。worker, export, shellなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。