쉐도잉 연습: 2705 - Could Have, Should Have or Must Have? - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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Hey, Lindsay, how are you today?

Hey, Aubrey, I'm feeling good today.

How are you?

How's everything?

I am great.

I have a question for you.

All right.

What is something you should have done last week, but didn't get to?

Oh my gosh.

There's always something, right?

There's a lot of work things.

A lot of emails I have not returned that people are waiting and I went on vacation last week.

So that's probably not so good, but I will get to it eventually, right?

Right.

Exactly.

We all have this something we should have done last week, something on our to -do list.

We weren't able to get to it.

But what's interesting is how would that be different if I had said, what's something you could have done last week,

but didn't get to, or what's something you must have that we wouldn't even say it that way, right?

These modals really change the question, right?

It really does.

When you say what's something you could have done, it's more like it would have been voluntary.

It would have been an optional thing.

Whereas should have returned those emails.

Those people are waiting to hear back.

Yes.

It's very different, right?

Kind of very optional, not something on your to -do list of things that have to get done.

Yeah.

So we got a great question about this on YouTube about the differences between some of these modals.

Do you want to read that question for us, Lindsay?

Yes.

This is from Cypher Ahmad Sendiki, 1871.

Great handle there.

Dears, would you talk Talk about the differences between could have, should have, and must have.

Such a great question, right?

These are all modal verbs that are used to make guesses, express regret, or talk about past possibilities.

And it really does change.

Like the feeling of what you're asking

or the meaning of what you're saying changes a lot depending on which one you use.

Massively.

So we're going to make sure we clear this up for our listeners today.

And I'm sure many of our listeners have the same question, right?

Are wondering the same thing.

Yes.

Guys, before we go any further, though, make sure you hit the follow button right here on All Airs English.

Pretty soon we're getting, well, we're in the fall already, aren't we, Aubrey?

We're well into the fall.

We want to be really lined up with our learning.

If you get addicted to All Airs English, you will see the improvement.

We've had so many students tell us they just listen five days a week and they're listening improved enormously.

So become one of those people.

All right.

Yes, absolutely.

I love that.

I love hearing that feedback from students for sure.

Yeah.

So let's share really quick right off the top here, the grammar of this for each of these, the grammar structure is the same.

So that helps at least you have this modal either could, should, or must, and then they're all structured the same.

After that, you're going to have the word have, and then the past participle, right?

So something you should have done, must have done, would have all of the past participle will be different for every verb depending on what you're talking about

but the structure is always the same yes perfect so keep

that in mind guys as we go through all three of these it's always the same structure

so that offers a little bit of i don't know it's a little calming to know

that i think

so right the grammar is a little easier here it's what's tricky is the context the meaning

which one should you choose depending on what you want to say exactly all All right.

So should we go into could have Aubrey first?

The very first one.

Okay.

So this is talking about past possibilities, something you could have done, right?

So Aubrey, tell us more about this.

Yeah.

So you're going to use it when you think something was possible, but you aren't sure.

So for example, she could have taken the earlier train, right?

So we're saying like, I could have done that.

We think that was a possibility, right?

This could have happened, but you can't be sure with could have.

Otherwise you would use a different modal that expresses more surety, more certainty.

Right.

She could have taken the earlier train.

They could have missed our message.

Right.

They like basically saying another way to say this would be, they might have missed our message.

Exactly.

Same meaning, right?

You're, you're saying that something was a possibility.

You don't know for sure you're giving a possibility.

And we use this a lot when something has gone wrong

or something hasn't worked out like we thought it would we're saying what might have been what could have been

but we don't know for sure yes

or it could have been a misunderstanding right maybe the person said something

and you misunderstood them or they didn't mean to say it in the way

that that you received it or something like

that right this i use a lot if

if someone's sharing with me something that happened with a friend

and the friend's response doesn't make sense from what I know about them, right?

100

You're seeing this disconnect.

101

And so this might be how you, instead of saying, uh, that is terrible.

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They're a terrible person.

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You might say something like this.

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Maybe it was a misunderstanding or it could have been a misunderstanding.

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You're trying to give the other person grace

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because what you're hearing about them doesn't match up with what you know about them.

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Yes.

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And also, uh, give the person the benefit of the doubt is what you're doing here.

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Right.

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Exactly.

111

I think that's a really good way to go through life you know you just give people the benefit of the doubt, um, and assume things are just a misunderstanding.

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I love it.

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It's going to solve, or it's going to prevent a lot of problems if you do that, because often when we assume the worst, we're wrong, right?

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We turn, we end up apologizing.

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We're like, you know what?

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I shouldn't have believed that about you.

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I shouldn't have assumed that about you without knowing for sure.

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And then we feel like a jerk, right?

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Because our mind was going in that direction yeah

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so it's a good way to go through a connection right

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but we use this could have another way

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and it's about missed opportunities right if someone had the ability

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or opportunity to do something

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but didn't we'll use this as well for example she could have won the race

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if she hadn't gotten injured

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or you could have helped you could have asked me for help right

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if you were confused didn't know what to do you could

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have asked me for help yeah we do this a lot right when something goes wrong after the fact, we will sometimes think about like,

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what could have happened that would have improved the situation.

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And we might say that to someone like, you could have done this, you could have done that.

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Sometimes that's not the advice we want to get, what we could have done differently.

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I know, what a bummer, right?

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Sometimes we should avoid telling people what they could have done.

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Right, right, right, right.

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It can be, because you can't, at that point, you can't do much about it, right?

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Just for the future, right?

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Exactly.

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Yeah.

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Aubrey, how is, should have different.

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Yeah, this is similar, but this is used to talk about something that was the right thing to do, but didn't happen.

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It often expresses regret or criticism.

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So the difference here really is could have doesn't have that implication of that was the right thing to do.

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It's sort of just like a possibility, whereas should have means like this is what should have happened.

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Yeah.

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Like I said, I should have replied to some emails before I left for vacation right

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but I didn't right these this thing should have happened um

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I should have gone to bed earlier right I stayed up too late are you someone

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that stays up late watching Netflix Aubrey sometimes not usually I'm

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more of an early you know early to bed early to rise

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but every now and then sometimes on weekends I will

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and then the next morning

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if I have something early I'll say this oh I should

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have gone to bed earlier you feel the results right yeah or we should have left earlier, right?

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Maybe something happens, something goes wrong.

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You're like, hmm, we should have left an hour ago and we wouldn't have had to deal with this.

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Yes.

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There's always a moment in a party or if you're at a party

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or something or you're out and you know it's the right time to leave, but then sometimes you override your intuition.

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Do you ever do that?

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Is it, oh no, we should stay a little longer and like your partner opens and be another drink and you're like, ah, then you know later.

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I should have listened to that little voice in my head that knew better.

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It's so true.

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There's always a moment of clarity.

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Oh, so funny.

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All right.

166

Hey, quick question.

167

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168

If so, we made a free guide for you.

169

It'll help you avoid those common mistakes and start speaking more naturally in real conversations.

170

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171

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172

We're here five times a week to help you connect in English.

173

Okay, Aubrey, we're moving on to must have.

174

Tell us about this one.

175

Yeah, this is a little different.

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This is when you are almost certain that something happened in the past because of some kind of evidence, right?

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So this isn't so much about like what could have happened, what should have happened.

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This is you have some more concrete evidence to able to say like it must have been

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that way this must have been the case yeah

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so for example she must have forgotten our meeting now the evidence is

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that you knew that you had a meeting scheduled

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and she didn't show up so we're assuming

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that this is definitely what happened she forgot the meeting right yeah it's interesting this really means

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that we have some kind of concrete reason to think

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that otherwise we could be saying she could have been she

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could have gotten stuck in traffic she could have woken up late

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but for some reason something's happened to give us some kind

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of evidence oh she must have forgotten all about it yes yes exactly

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or he must have left already because his car isn't there

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or isn't here yeah

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so we have evidence right well his car's gone he must have left already

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so it's when we see

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that evidence we're not going to say he could have left

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his car's not here we wouldn't say he should have left

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right this is where we have some kind of evidence

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so that's when we would say this must be the case he must have left yeah

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so quite different from the other two

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so we're going to see how they all come together into

199

a little conversation aubry what is going on in this role play yeah

200

so we are friends who were supposed to see each other at a birthday party last night

201

but didn't so let's see what happened i'll start us out.

202

All right.

203

Where were you last night?

204

We missed you at Jake's birthday party.

205

Oh no, was that last night?

206

I must have mixed up the dates.

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I should have called you when I saw you weren't there.

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I just assumed you couldn't make it.

209

If I had remembered, I could have at least let Jake know I wouldn't be there.

210

Oh, that's not good.

211

Totally missed the party.

212

Right.

213

But this happens to all of us, right?

214

This just happens to me.

215

I'll mix up dates, I'll mix up times and you just miss it.

216

And this is when we need these modals and you can see how, depending on what you're trying to say, it's, you have to choose the right one or you could cause confusion.

217

Oh, for sure. For sure.

218

Great.

219

Let's go back through it.

220

So what did we choose in terms of the first modal?

221

I, you said, where were you last night?

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We missed you at Jake's birthday party.

223

And I said, oh no, was that last night?

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I must have mixed up the dates.

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Why did I use must there?

226

Yeah, this is interesting.

227

So this is your reason, right?

228

This is the evidence.

229

You definitely could have say, I think I mixed up the dates or I mixed up the dates.

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We use must have here to sort of separate ourselves from the blame of something happening.

231

I've noticed this and this is an interesting, very subtle nuance of English, right?

232

Oh, I must have mixed up the dates.

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Interesting.

234

Yeah.

235

It's very subtle, right?

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But it is kind of separating yourself from the blame.

237

I like that.

238

I like that.

239

Right.

240

Just highlighting that it was a mistake.

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It was not intentional.

242

It was an accident.

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Right.

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Like something was out of your control.

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I must have messed up, right?

246

Mm -hmm.

247

And then you said, I should have called you when I saw you weren't there, right I should have okay this is a regret right exactly

248

right this is the right thing to have done I didn't do it

249

because I didn't have all the information I just assumed you

250

couldn't make it I didn't know you had forgotten had mixed up the date

251

so now in hindsight I'm saying what I should have done

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oh I should have called you yes yes for sure

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and then I said

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if I had remembered I could have at least let Jake

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know I wouldn't be there right now I'm feeling bad

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that could so I had an option to let jake know

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that i wouldn't be there right this one is maybe the trickiest one to know

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when to use it right this is

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that past possibility it's dependent on you having more information like

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if i had known i was i was had the dates

261

wrong i could have let him know something right this is

262

more like this is not based on any evidence of what should have happened

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or what must have been the truth this is this very much more of like oh

264

if things were different if these if I had known more, then things could have been different.

265

Yes, completely.

266

Love it.

267

Great episode today.

268

Real clear grammar episode.

269

These are building blocks for important language when you get to the B2C1 level, guys.

270

So do go out and try to use these as much as you can, right?

271

Absolutely, right.

272

And really be observant when you hear other people using these modals.

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Think about the context.

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Why were they choosing one or the other? they'll become more

275

and more familiar so that they're just naturally coming up and you're able to use them correctly.

276

Love it guys.

277

Go on over and check out 2704 as your next step.

278

This is the title of this episode is, are you giving fluency?

279

We talked about this.

280

It's giving phrase, right?

281

Which is fun.

282

New slang has become very popular.

283

Definitely scroll up and check that one out if you missed it.

284

Yeah.

285

We had fun creating that episode, so I'm sure you'll have fun listening to it, guys.

286

Go check it out.

287

Aubrey, what is your final takeaway on this episode today?

288

Where should we leave our listeners?

289

I feel like there are so many connection moments that are possible

290

and connections that can be hurt if we use the wrong modal, right?

291

We talked about this a few times throughout the episode.

292

You don't always want to tell someone what they should have done, right?

293

Or what could have been different because sometimes it doesn't help if we can't go back and change it, right?

294

Well, that's actually a really good point

295

that we didn't talk about quite as much in the episode

296

but going and reprimanding something someone by saying oh you should have done this you should have done

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that be careful there right you know i we've all been in

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that situation where someone tells us that

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and we're like thanks that's really helpful now

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that i can't go back yeah thanks but no thanks yeah exactly

301

so play around with your words right it's okay to offer feedback

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and let people know what um like what what would have

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been better to have been to have done right it's important

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about ourselves about ourselves as well i should have done this i could have done

305

that but to say it for someone else is usually not constructive it's not very helpful yeah right we can

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so we can get a little bit more wordsmithy here the way we choose our words especially at work right

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if you're in a management position you have to offer feedback

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you have to let people know the correct way to do things

309

but we can choose words differently right instead saying like going forward let's do this next time it's

310

so much better than that you should have done this

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which is much more blunt exactly you got it great episode

312

today we'll see you very soon all right thanks lindsey see you next time okay take care bye

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FOR YOU

이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 말하기 레슨은 영상 “2705 - Could Have, Should Have or Must Have?”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 312개와 단어 3001개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 14:49입니다. 화자는 분당 약 203단어로 빠르게 말하므로 연음과 약하게 발음되는 소리가 많습니다. 단어의 89%가 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속해 어휘가 쉬운 편입니다. 전체 312문장 중 50문장이 질문이어서 의문문 억양과 짧은 대답을 연습하기에 좋습니다.

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.

단어	발음	뜻
depend 동사	/dɪˈpɛnd/	의존하다, ...에 달려 있다
grammar 명사	/ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/	Korean: 문법, 문법학
regret 동사	/ɹɪˈɡɹɛt/	후회하다
feedback 명사	/ˈfiːdˌbæk/	피드백, 비평
listener 명사	/ˈlɪs(ə)nɚ/	경청자, 청취자
vacation 명사	/veɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/	휴가
verb 명사	/vɝb/	동사
solve 동사	/sɒlv/	해결하다
connect 동사	/kəˈnɛkt/	잇다, 연결하다
phrase 명사	/ˈfɹeɪ̯z/	어구, 구
dependent 형용사	/dɪˈpɛndənt/	종속의
correctly 부사	/kəˈɹɛk(t).li/	정확(正確)히
confusion 명사	/kənˈfjuːʒən/	혼란
apologize 동사	/əˈpɑləˌd͡ʒaɪz/	사과하다, 사죄하다
subscribe 동사	/səbˈskɹaɪb/	구독하다

영상에 나오는 구동사

단어	발음	뜻
go back 동사		돌아가다
stay up 동사		새우다
come up 동사		올라오다
go out 동사		나가다
wake up 동사	/ˌweɪk ˈʌp/	눈뜨다, 일어나다

따라 말해 볼 만한 문장

영상에 나오는 짧고 완결된 문장으로, 일상 대화에서 그대로 쓸 수 있습니다:

We're like, you know what?
Do you ever do that?
Where were you last night?
I, you said, where were you last night?
Why did I use must there?

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
조건문 if + 절, will/would + 동사 — 조건과 그 결과	if I have something early I'll say
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	have not returned · We've had · has gone
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	be really lined · was had · is not based

주의할 발음

화자는 you're, we're, didn't 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 101번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.

“sh”와 “zh” 소리: vacation /veɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/, optional /ˈɑp.ʃə.nəl/, confusion /kənˈfjuːʒən/, gosh /ɡɑːʃ/, intentional /ɪnˈtɛnʃənəl/
긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, apologize /əˈpɑləˌd͡ʒaɪz/, voluntary /ˈvɑ.lənˌt(ɛ)ɹi/, intentional /ɪnˈtɛnʃənəl/

한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:

/f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, feedback /ˈfiːdˌbæk/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, confused /kənˈfjuːzd/, phrase /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/
/v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: vacation /veɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/, verb /vɝb/, solve /sɒlv/, voluntary /ˈvɑ.lənˌt(ɛ)ɹi/, constructive /kənˈstɹʌktɪv/
/z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, confused /kənˈfjuːzd/, phrase /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/, apologize /əˈpɑləˌd͡ʒaɪz/, observant /əbˈzɝvənt/

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자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, depend, grammar, regret 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법