シャドーイング練習: 2705 - Could Have, Should Have or Must Have? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Hey, Lindsay, how are you today?

Hey, Aubrey, I'm feeling good today.

How are you?

How's everything?

I am great.

I have a question for you.

All right.

What is something you should have done last week, but didn't get to?

Oh my gosh.

There's always something, right?

There's a lot of work things.

A lot of emails I have not returned that people are waiting and I went on vacation last week.

So that's probably not so good, but I will get to it eventually, right?

Right.

Exactly.

We all have this something we should have done last week, something on our to -do list.

We weren't able to get to it.

But what's interesting is how would that be different if I had said, what's something you could have done last week,

but didn't get to, or what's something you must have that we wouldn't even say it that way, right?

These modals really change the question, right?

It really does.

When you say what's something you could have done, it's more like it would have been voluntary.

It would have been an optional thing.

Whereas should have returned those emails.

Those people are waiting to hear back.

Yes.

It's very different, right?

Kind of very optional, not something on your to -do list of things that have to get done.

Yeah.

So we got a great question about this on YouTube about the differences between some of these modals.

Do you want to read that question for us, Lindsay?

Yes.

This is from Cypher Ahmad Sendiki, 1871.

Great handle there.

Dears, would you talk Talk about the differences between could have, should have, and must have.

Such a great question, right?

These are all modal verbs that are used to make guesses, express regret, or talk about past possibilities.

And it really does change.

Like the feeling of what you're asking

or the meaning of what you're saying changes a lot depending on which one you use.

Massively.

So we're going to make sure we clear this up for our listeners today.

And I'm sure many of our listeners have the same question, right?

Are wondering the same thing.

Yes.

Guys, before we go any further, though, make sure you hit the follow button right here on All Airs English.

Pretty soon we're getting, well, we're in the fall already, aren't we, Aubrey?

We're well into the fall.

We want to be really lined up with our learning.

If you get addicted to All Airs English, you will see the improvement.

We've had so many students tell us they just listen five days a week and they're listening improved enormously.

So become one of those people.

All right.

Yes, absolutely.

I love that.

I love hearing that feedback from students for sure.

Yeah.

So let's share really quick right off the top here, the grammar of this for each of these, the grammar structure is the same.

So that helps at least you have this modal either could, should, or must, and then they're all structured the same.

After that, you're going to have the word have, and then the past participle, right?

So something you should have done, must have done, would have all of the past participle will be different for every verb depending on what you're talking about

but the structure is always the same yes perfect so keep

that in mind guys as we go through all three of these it's always the same structure

so that offers a little bit of i don't know it's a little calming to know

that i think

so right the grammar is a little easier here it's what's tricky is the context the meaning

which one should you choose depending on what you want to say exactly all All right.

So should we go into could have Aubrey first?

The very first one.

Okay.

So this is talking about past possibilities, something you could have done, right?

So Aubrey, tell us more about this.

Yeah.

So you're going to use it when you think something was possible, but you aren't sure.

So for example, she could have taken the earlier train, right?

So we're saying like, I could have done that.

We think that was a possibility, right?

This could have happened, but you can't be sure with could have.

Otherwise you would use a different modal that expresses more surety, more certainty.

Right.

She could have taken the earlier train.

They could have missed our message.

Right.

They like basically saying another way to say this would be, they might have missed our message.

Exactly.

Same meaning, right?

You're, you're saying that something was a possibility.

You don't know for sure you're giving a possibility.

And we use this a lot when something has gone wrong

or something hasn't worked out like we thought it would we're saying what might have been what could have been

but we don't know for sure yes

or it could have been a misunderstanding right maybe the person said something

and you misunderstood them or they didn't mean to say it in the way

that that you received it or something like

that right this i use a lot if

if someone's sharing with me something that happened with a friend

and the friend's response doesn't make sense from what I know about them, right?

100

You're seeing this disconnect.

101

And so this might be how you, instead of saying, uh, that is terrible.

102

They're a terrible person.

103

You might say something like this.

104

Maybe it was a misunderstanding or it could have been a misunderstanding.

105

You're trying to give the other person grace

106

because what you're hearing about them doesn't match up with what you know about them.

107

Yes.

108

And also, uh, give the person the benefit of the doubt is what you're doing here.

109

Right.

110

Exactly.

111

I think that's a really good way to go through life you know you just give people the benefit of the doubt, um, and assume things are just a misunderstanding.

112

I love it.

113

It's going to solve, or it's going to prevent a lot of problems if you do that, because often when we assume the worst, we're wrong, right?

114

We turn, we end up apologizing.

115

We're like, you know what?

116

I shouldn't have believed that about you.

117

I shouldn't have assumed that about you without knowing for sure.

118

And then we feel like a jerk, right?

119

Because our mind was going in that direction yeah

120

so it's a good way to go through a connection right

121

but we use this could have another way

122

and it's about missed opportunities right if someone had the ability

123

or opportunity to do something

124

but didn't we'll use this as well for example she could have won the race

125

if she hadn't gotten injured

126

or you could have helped you could have asked me for help right

127

if you were confused didn't know what to do you could

128

have asked me for help yeah we do this a lot right when something goes wrong after the fact, we will sometimes think about like,

129

what could have happened that would have improved the situation.

130

And we might say that to someone like, you could have done this, you could have done that.

131

Sometimes that's not the advice we want to get, what we could have done differently.

132

I know, what a bummer, right?

133

Sometimes we should avoid telling people what they could have done.

134

Right, right, right, right.

135

It can be, because you can't, at that point, you can't do much about it, right?

136

Just for the future, right?

137

Exactly.

138

Yeah.

139

Aubrey, how is, should have different.

140

Yeah, this is similar, but this is used to talk about something that was the right thing to do, but didn't happen.

141

It often expresses regret or criticism.

142

So the difference here really is could have doesn't have that implication of that was the right thing to do.

143

It's sort of just like a possibility, whereas should have means like this is what should have happened.

144

Yeah.

145

Like I said, I should have replied to some emails before I left for vacation right

146

but I didn't right these this thing should have happened um

147

I should have gone to bed earlier right I stayed up too late are you someone

148

that stays up late watching Netflix Aubrey sometimes not usually I'm

149

more of an early you know early to bed early to rise

150

but every now and then sometimes on weekends I will

151

and then the next morning

152

if I have something early I'll say this oh I should

153

have gone to bed earlier you feel the results right yeah or we should have left earlier, right?

154

Maybe something happens, something goes wrong.

155

You're like, hmm, we should have left an hour ago and we wouldn't have had to deal with this.

156

Yes.

157

There's always a moment in a party or if you're at a party

158

or something or you're out and you know it's the right time to leave, but then sometimes you override your intuition.

159

Do you ever do that?

160

Is it, oh no, we should stay a little longer and like your partner opens and be another drink and you're like, ah, then you know later.

161

I should have listened to that little voice in my head that knew better.

162

It's so true.

163

There's always a moment of clarity.

164

Oh, so funny.

165

All right.

166

Hey, quick question.

167

Do you want to feel more confident when you speak English?

168

If so, we made a free guide for you.

169

It'll help you avoid those common mistakes and start speaking more naturally in real conversations.

170

Go grab it in the description below.

171

And if this is helpful for you, make sure that you like and subscribe.

172

We're here five times a week to help you connect in English.

173

Okay, Aubrey, we're moving on to must have.

174

Tell us about this one.

175

Yeah, this is a little different.

176

This is when you are almost certain that something happened in the past because of some kind of evidence, right?

177

So this isn't so much about like what could have happened, what should have happened.

178

This is you have some more concrete evidence to able to say like it must have been

179

that way this must have been the case yeah

180

so for example she must have forgotten our meeting now the evidence is

181

that you knew that you had a meeting scheduled

182

and she didn't show up so we're assuming

183

that this is definitely what happened she forgot the meeting right yeah it's interesting this really means

184

that we have some kind of concrete reason to think

185

that otherwise we could be saying she could have been she

186

could have gotten stuck in traffic she could have woken up late

187

but for some reason something's happened to give us some kind

188

of evidence oh she must have forgotten all about it yes yes exactly

189

or he must have left already because his car isn't there

190

or isn't here yeah

191

so we have evidence right well his car's gone he must have left already

192

so it's when we see

193

that evidence we're not going to say he could have left

194

his car's not here we wouldn't say he should have left

195

right this is where we have some kind of evidence

196

so that's when we would say this must be the case he must have left yeah

197

so quite different from the other two

198

so we're going to see how they all come together into

199

a little conversation aubry what is going on in this role play yeah

200

so we are friends who were supposed to see each other at a birthday party last night

201

but didn't so let's see what happened i'll start us out.

202

All right.

203

Where were you last night?

204

We missed you at Jake's birthday party.

205

Oh no, was that last night?

206

I must have mixed up the dates.

207

I should have called you when I saw you weren't there.

208

I just assumed you couldn't make it.

209

If I had remembered, I could have at least let Jake know I wouldn't be there.

210

Oh, that's not good.

211

Totally missed the party.

212

Right.

213

But this happens to all of us, right?

214

This just happens to me.

215

I'll mix up dates, I'll mix up times and you just miss it.

216

And this is when we need these modals and you can see how, depending on what you're trying to say, it's, you have to choose the right one or you could cause confusion.

217

Oh, for sure. For sure.

218

Great.

219

Let's go back through it.

220

So what did we choose in terms of the first modal?

221

I, you said, where were you last night?

222

We missed you at Jake's birthday party.

223

And I said, oh no, was that last night?

224

I must have mixed up the dates.

225

Why did I use must there?

226

Yeah, this is interesting.

227

So this is your reason, right?

228

This is the evidence.

229

You definitely could have say, I think I mixed up the dates or I mixed up the dates.

230

We use must have here to sort of separate ourselves from the blame of something happening.

231

I've noticed this and this is an interesting, very subtle nuance of English, right?

232

Oh, I must have mixed up the dates.

233

Interesting.

234

Yeah.

235

It's very subtle, right?

236

But it is kind of separating yourself from the blame.

237

I like that.

238

I like that.

239

Right.

240

Just highlighting that it was a mistake.

241

It was not intentional.

242

It was an accident.

243

Right.

244

Like something was out of your control.

245

I must have messed up, right?

246

Mm -hmm.

247

And then you said, I should have called you when I saw you weren't there, right I should have okay this is a regret right exactly

248

right this is the right thing to have done I didn't do it

249

because I didn't have all the information I just assumed you

250

couldn't make it I didn't know you had forgotten had mixed up the date

251

so now in hindsight I'm saying what I should have done

252

oh I should have called you yes yes for sure

253

and then I said

254

if I had remembered I could have at least let Jake

255

know I wouldn't be there right now I'm feeling bad

256

that could so I had an option to let jake know

257

that i wouldn't be there right this one is maybe the trickiest one to know

258

when to use it right this is

259

that past possibility it's dependent on you having more information like

260

if i had known i was i was had the dates

261

wrong i could have let him know something right this is

262

more like this is not based on any evidence of what should have happened

263

or what must have been the truth this is this very much more of like oh

264

if things were different if these if I had known more, then things could have been different.

265

Yes, completely.

266

Love it.

267

Great episode today.

268

Real clear grammar episode.

269

These are building blocks for important language when you get to the B2C1 level, guys.

270

So do go out and try to use these as much as you can, right?

271

Absolutely, right.

272

And really be observant when you hear other people using these modals.

273

Think about the context.

274

Why were they choosing one or the other? they'll become more

275

and more familiar so that they're just naturally coming up and you're able to use them correctly.

276

Love it guys.

277

Go on over and check out 2704 as your next step.

278

This is the title of this episode is, are you giving fluency?

279

We talked about this.

280

It's giving phrase, right?

281

Which is fun.

282

New slang has become very popular.

283

Definitely scroll up and check that one out if you missed it.

284

Yeah.

285

We had fun creating that episode, so I'm sure you'll have fun listening to it, guys.

286

Go check it out.

287

Aubrey, what is your final takeaway on this episode today?

288

Where should we leave our listeners?

289

I feel like there are so many connection moments that are possible

290

and connections that can be hurt if we use the wrong modal, right?

291

We talked about this a few times throughout the episode.

292

You don't always want to tell someone what they should have done, right?

293

Or what could have been different because sometimes it doesn't help if we can't go back and change it, right?

294

Well, that's actually a really good point

295

that we didn't talk about quite as much in the episode

296

but going and reprimanding something someone by saying oh you should have done this you should have done

297

that be careful there right you know i we've all been in

298

that situation where someone tells us that

299

and we're like thanks that's really helpful now

300

that i can't go back yeah thanks but no thanks yeah exactly

301

so play around with your words right it's okay to offer feedback

302

and let people know what um like what what would have

303

been better to have been to have done right it's important

304

about ourselves about ourselves as well i should have done this i could have done

305

that but to say it for someone else is usually not constructive it's not very helpful yeah right we can

306

so we can get a little bit more wordsmithy here the way we choose our words especially at work right

307

if you're in a management position you have to offer feedback

308

you have to let people know the correct way to do things

309

but we can choose words differently right instead saying like going forward let's do this next time it's

310

so much better than that you should have done this

311

which is much more blunt exactly you got it great episode

312

today we'll see you very soon all right thanks lindsey see you next time okay take care bye

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「2705 - Could Have, Should Have or Must Have?」を教材にしています。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が312文、単語が3001語あります。音声の長さは14:49です。話す速さは速く、1分あたり約203語です。音のつながりや弱く発音される音が多くなります。単語の89%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれるため、語彙は分かりやすいです。全312文のうち50文が疑問文なので、疑問文のイントネーションや短い受け答えの練習に向いています。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
depend 動詞	/dɪˈpɛnd/	依存する
grammar 名詞	/ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/	文法
helpful 形容詞	/ˈhɛlp.fl̩/	役に立つ, 有用
regret 動詞	/ɹɪˈɡɹɛt/	後悔する, 悔いる
feedback 名詞	/ˈfiːdˌbæk/	フィードバック, 反応
listener 名詞	/ˈlɪs(ə)nɚ/	聞き手, 聴取者
naturally 副詞	/ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/	勿論
concrete 形容詞	/ˌkɑnˈkɹit/	実際の, 具体的
vacation 名詞	/veɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/	休暇, 休み
tricky 形容詞	/ˈtɹɪk.i/	狡猾な
verb 名詞	/vɝb/	動詞
solve 動詞	/sɒlv/	解決する
connect 動詞	/kəˈnɛkt/	繋げる
phrase 名詞	/ˈfɹeɪ̯z/	句, 語句
dependent 形容詞	/dɪˈpɛndənt/	次第, 依存する

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	発音	意味
go back 動詞		戻る, 帰る
check out 動詞		試験する, 検査する
come up 動詞		上がる, 登る
go out 動詞		出る
show up 動詞		現れる
wake up 動詞	/ˌweɪk ˈʌp/	目覚める, 目を覚ます

繰り返し練習したい文

動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。

We're like, you know what?
Do you ever do that?
Where were you last night?
I, you said, where were you last night?
Why did I use must there?

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
条件文 if + 節, will/would + 動詞 — 条件とその結果	if I have something early I'll say
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	have not returned · We've had · has gone
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	be really lined · was had · is not based

注意したい発音

話し手はyou're, we're, didn'tなど、短縮形や弱形を101回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「sh」と「zh」の音: vacation /veɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/, optional /ˈɑp.ʃə.nəl/, confusion /kənˈfjuːʒən/, gosh /ɡɑːʃ/, intentional /ɪnˈtɛnʃənəl/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, apologize /əˈpɑləˌd͡ʒaɪz/, voluntary /ˈvɑ.lənˌt(ɛ)ɹi/, intentional /ɪnˈtɛnʃənəl/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, correctly /kəˈɹɛk(t).li/, voluntary /ˈvɑ.lənˌt(ɛ)ɹi/, clarity /ˈklæɹ.ɪ.ti/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: vacation /veɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/, verb /vɝb/, solve /sɒlv/, voluntary /ˈvɑ.lənˌt(ɛ)ɹi/, constructive /kənˈstɹʌktɪv/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, feedback /ˈfiːdˌbæk/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, confused /kənˈfjuːzd/, phrase /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。depend, grammar, helpfulなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: 2705 - Could Have, Should Have or Must Have? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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