Практика Shadowing: 2705 - Could Have, Should Have or Must Have? - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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1
Hey, Lindsay, how are you today?
2
Hey, Aubrey, I'm feeling good today.
3
How are you?
4
How's everything?
5
I am great.
6
I have a question for you.
7
All right.
8
What is something you should have done last week, but didn't get to?
9
Oh my gosh.
10
There's always something, right?
11
There's a lot of work things.
12
A lot of emails I have not returned that people are waiting and I went on vacation last week.
13
So that's probably not so good, but I will get to it eventually, right?
14
Right.
15
Exactly.
16
We all have this something we should have done last week, something on our to -do list.
17
We weren't able to get to it.
18
But what's interesting is how would that be different if I had said, what's something you could have done last week,
19
but didn't get to, or what's something you must have that we wouldn't even say it that way, right?
20
These modals really change the question, right?
21
It really does.
22
When you say what's something you could have done, it's more like it would have been voluntary.
23
It would have been an optional thing.
24
Whereas should have returned those emails.
25
Those people are waiting to hear back.
26
Yes.
27
It's very different, right?
28
Kind of very optional, not something on your to -do list of things that have to get done.
29
Yeah.
30
So we got a great question about this on YouTube about the differences between some of these modals.
31
Do you want to read that question for us, Lindsay?
32
Yes.
33
Yes.
34
This is from Cypher Ahmad Sendiki, 1871.
35
Great handle there.
36
Dears, would you talk Talk about the differences between could have, should have, and must have.
37
Such a great question, right?
38
These are all modal verbs that are used to make guesses, express regret, or talk about past possibilities.
39
And it really does change.
40
Like the feeling of what you're asking
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or the meaning of what you're saying changes a lot depending on which one you use.
42
Massively.
43
So we're going to make sure we clear this up for our listeners today.
44
And I'm sure many of our listeners have the same question, right?
45
Are wondering the same thing.
46
Yes.
47
Guys, before we go any further, though, make sure you hit the follow button right here on All Airs English.
48
Pretty soon we're getting, well, we're in the fall already, aren't we, Aubrey?
49
We're well into the fall.
50
We want to be really lined up with our learning.
51
If you get addicted to All Airs English, you will see the improvement.
52
We've had so many students tell us they just listen five days a week and they're listening improved enormously.
53
So become one of those people.
54
All right.
55
Yes, absolutely.
56
I love that.
57
I love hearing that feedback from students for sure.
58
Yeah.
59
So let's share really quick right off the top here, the grammar of this for each of these, the grammar structure is the same.
60
So that helps at least you have this modal either could, should, or must, and then they're all structured the same.
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After that, you're going to have the word have, and then the past participle, right?
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So something you should have done, must have done, would have all of the past participle will be different for every verb depending on what you're talking about
63
but the structure is always the same yes perfect so keep
64
that in mind guys as we go through all three of these it's always the same structure
65
so that offers a little bit of i don't know it's a little calming to know
66
that i think
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so right the grammar is a little easier here it's what's tricky is the context the meaning
68
which one should you choose depending on what you want to say exactly all All right.
69
So should we go into could have Aubrey first?
70
The very first one.
71
Okay.
72
So this is talking about past possibilities, something you could have done, right?
73
So Aubrey, tell us more about this.
74
Yeah.
75
So you're going to use it when you think something was possible, but you aren't sure.
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So for example, she could have taken the earlier train, right?
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So we're saying like, I could have done that.
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We think that was a possibility, right?
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This could have happened, but you can't be sure with could have.
80
Otherwise you would use a different modal that expresses more surety, more certainty.
81
Right.
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Right.
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She could have taken the earlier train.
84
They could have missed our message.
85
Right.
86
They like basically saying another way to say this would be, they might have missed our message.
87
Exactly.
88
Same meaning, right?
89
You're, you're saying that something was a possibility.
90
You don't know for sure you're giving a possibility.
91
And we use this a lot when something has gone wrong
92
or something hasn't worked out like we thought it would we're saying what might have been what could have been
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but we don't know for sure yes
94
or it could have been a misunderstanding right maybe the person said something
95
and you misunderstood them or they didn't mean to say it in the way
96
that that you received it or something like
97
that right this i use a lot if
98
if someone's sharing with me something that happened with a friend
99
and the friend's response doesn't make sense from what I know about them, right?
100
You're seeing this disconnect.
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And so this might be how you, instead of saying, uh, that is terrible.
102
They're a terrible person.
103
You might say something like this.
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Maybe it was a misunderstanding or it could have been a misunderstanding.
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You're trying to give the other person grace
106
because what you're hearing about them doesn't match up with what you know about them.
107
Yes.
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And also, uh, give the person the benefit of the doubt is what you're doing here.
109
Right.
110
Exactly.
111
I think that's a really good way to go through life you know you just give people the benefit of the doubt, um, and assume things are just a misunderstanding.
112
I love it.
113
It's going to solve, or it's going to prevent a lot of problems if you do that, because often when we assume the worst, we're wrong, right?
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We turn, we end up apologizing.
115
We're like, you know what?
116
I shouldn't have believed that about you.
117
I shouldn't have assumed that about you without knowing for sure.
118
And then we feel like a jerk, right?
119
Because our mind was going in that direction yeah
120
so it's a good way to go through a connection right
121
but we use this could have another way
122
and it's about missed opportunities right if someone had the ability
123
or opportunity to do something
124
but didn't we'll use this as well for example she could have won the race
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if she hadn't gotten injured
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or you could have helped you could have asked me for help right
127
if you were confused didn't know what to do you could
128
have asked me for help yeah we do this a lot right when something goes wrong after the fact, we will sometimes think about like,
129
what could have happened that would have improved the situation.
130
And we might say that to someone like, you could have done this, you could have done that.
131
Sometimes that's not the advice we want to get, what we could have done differently.
132
I know, what a bummer, right?
133
Sometimes we should avoid telling people what they could have done.
134
Right, right, right, right.
135
It can be, because you can't, at that point, you can't do much about it, right?
136
Just for the future, right?
137
Exactly.
138
Yeah.
139
Aubrey, how is, should have different.
140
Yeah, this is similar, but this is used to talk about something that was the right thing to do, but didn't happen.
141
It often expresses regret or criticism.
142
So the difference here really is could have doesn't have that implication of that was the right thing to do.
143
It's sort of just like a possibility, whereas should have means like this is what should have happened.
144
Yeah.
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Like I said, I should have replied to some emails before I left for vacation right
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but I didn't right these this thing should have happened um
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I should have gone to bed earlier right I stayed up too late are you someone
148
that stays up late watching Netflix Aubrey sometimes not usually I'm
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more of an early you know early to bed early to rise
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but every now and then sometimes on weekends I will
151
and then the next morning
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if I have something early I'll say this oh I should
153
have gone to bed earlier you feel the results right yeah or we should have left earlier, right?
154
Maybe something happens, something goes wrong.
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You're like, hmm, we should have left an hour ago and we wouldn't have had to deal with this.
156
Yes.
157
There's always a moment in a party or if you're at a party
158
or something or you're out and you know it's the right time to leave, but then sometimes you override your intuition.
159
Do you ever do that?
160
Is it, oh no, we should stay a little longer and like your partner opens and be another drink and you're like, ah, then you know later.
161
I should have listened to that little voice in my head that knew better.
162
It's so true.
163
There's always a moment of clarity.
164
Oh, so funny.
165
All right.
166
Hey, quick question.
167
Do you want to feel more confident when you speak English?
168
If so, we made a free guide for you.
169
It'll help you avoid those common mistakes and start speaking more naturally in real conversations.
170
Go grab it in the description below.
171
And if this is helpful for you, make sure that you like and subscribe.
172
We're here five times a week to help you connect in English.
173
Okay, Aubrey, we're moving on to must have.
174
Tell us about this one.
175
Yeah, this is a little different.
176
This is when you are almost certain that something happened in the past because of some kind of evidence, right?
177
So this isn't so much about like what could have happened, what should have happened.
178
This is you have some more concrete evidence to able to say like it must have been
179
that way this must have been the case yeah
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so for example she must have forgotten our meeting now the evidence is
181
that you knew that you had a meeting scheduled
182
and she didn't show up so we're assuming
183
that this is definitely what happened she forgot the meeting right yeah it's interesting this really means
184
that we have some kind of concrete reason to think
185
that otherwise we could be saying she could have been she
186
could have gotten stuck in traffic she could have woken up late
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but for some reason something's happened to give us some kind
188
of evidence oh she must have forgotten all about it yes yes exactly
189
or he must have left already because his car isn't there
190
or isn't here yeah
191
so we have evidence right well his car's gone he must have left already
192
so it's when we see
193
that evidence we're not going to say he could have left
194
his car's not here we wouldn't say he should have left
195
right this is where we have some kind of evidence
196
so that's when we would say this must be the case he must have left yeah
197
so quite different from the other two
198
so we're going to see how they all come together into
199
a little conversation aubry what is going on in this role play yeah
200
so we are friends who were supposed to see each other at a birthday party last night
201
but didn't so let's see what happened i'll start us out.
202
All right.
203
Where were you last night?
204
We missed you at Jake's birthday party.
205
Oh no, was that last night?
206
I must have mixed up the dates.
207
I should have called you when I saw you weren't there.
208
I just assumed you couldn't make it.
209
If I had remembered, I could have at least let Jake know I wouldn't be there.
210
Oh, that's not good.
211
Totally missed the party.
212
Right.
213
But this happens to all of us, right?
214
This just happens to me.
215
I'll mix up dates, I'll mix up times and you just miss it.
216
And this is when we need these modals and you can see how, depending on what you're trying to say, it's, you have to choose the right one or you could cause confusion.
217
Oh, for sure. For sure.
218
Great.
219
Let's go back through it.
220
So what did we choose in terms of the first modal?
221
I, you said, where were you last night?
222
We missed you at Jake's birthday party.
223
And I said, oh no, was that last night?
224
I must have mixed up the dates.
225
Why did I use must there?
226
Yeah, this is interesting.
227
So this is your reason, right?
228
This is the evidence.
229
You definitely could have say, I think I mixed up the dates or I mixed up the dates.
230
We use must have here to sort of separate ourselves from the blame of something happening.
231
I've noticed this and this is an interesting, very subtle nuance of English, right?
232
Oh, I must have mixed up the dates.
233
Interesting.
234
Yeah.
235
It's very subtle, right?
236
But it is kind of separating yourself from the blame.
237
I like that.
238
I like that.
239
Right.
240
Just highlighting that it was a mistake.
241
It was not intentional.
242
It was an accident.
243
Right.
244
Like something was out of your control.
245
I must have messed up, right?
246
Mm -hmm.
247
And then you said, I should have called you when I saw you weren't there, right I should have okay this is a regret right exactly
248
right this is the right thing to have done I didn't do it
249
because I didn't have all the information I just assumed you
250
couldn't make it I didn't know you had forgotten had mixed up the date
251
so now in hindsight I'm saying what I should have done
252
oh I should have called you yes yes for sure
253
and then I said
254
if I had remembered I could have at least let Jake
255
know I wouldn't be there right now I'm feeling bad
256
that could so I had an option to let jake know
257
that i wouldn't be there right this one is maybe the trickiest one to know
258
when to use it right this is
259
that past possibility it's dependent on you having more information like
260
if i had known i was i was had the dates
261
wrong i could have let him know something right this is
262
more like this is not based on any evidence of what should have happened
263
or what must have been the truth this is this very much more of like oh
264
if things were different if these if I had known more, then things could have been different.
265
Yes, completely.
266
Love it.
267
Great episode today.
268
Real clear grammar episode.
269
These are building blocks for important language when you get to the B2C1 level, guys.
270
So do go out and try to use these as much as you can, right?
271
Absolutely, right.
272
And really be observant when you hear other people using these modals.
273
Think about the context.
274
Why were they choosing one or the other? they'll become more
275
and more familiar so that they're just naturally coming up and you're able to use them correctly.
276
Love it guys.
277
Go on over and check out 2704 as your next step.
278
This is the title of this episode is, are you giving fluency?
279
We talked about this.
280
It's giving phrase, right?
281
Which is fun.
282
New slang has become very popular.
283
Definitely scroll up and check that one out if you missed it.
284
Yeah.
285
We had fun creating that episode, so I'm sure you'll have fun listening to it, guys.
286
Go check it out.
287
Aubrey, what is your final takeaway on this episode today?
288
Where should we leave our listeners?
289
I feel like there are so many connection moments that are possible
290
and connections that can be hurt if we use the wrong modal, right?
291
We talked about this a few times throughout the episode.
292
You don't always want to tell someone what they should have done, right?
293
Or what could have been different because sometimes it doesn't help if we can't go back and change it, right?
294
Well, that's actually a really good point
295
that we didn't talk about quite as much in the episode
296
but going and reprimanding something someone by saying oh you should have done this you should have done
297
that be careful there right you know i we've all been in
298
that situation where someone tells us that
299
and we're like thanks that's really helpful now
300
that i can't go back yeah thanks but no thanks yeah exactly
301
so play around with your words right it's okay to offer feedback
302
and let people know what um like what what would have
303
been better to have been to have done right it's important
304
about ourselves about ourselves as well i should have done this i could have done
305
that but to say it for someone else is usually not constructive it's not very helpful yeah right we can
306
so we can get a little bit more wordsmithy here the way we choose our words especially at work right
307
if you're in a management position you have to offer feedback
308
you have to let people know the correct way to do things
309
but we can choose words differently right instead saying like going forward let's do this next time it's
310
so much better than that you should have done this
311
which is much more blunt exactly you got it great episode
312
today we'll see you very soon all right thanks lindsey see you next time okay take care bye
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «2705 - Could Have, Should Have or Must Have?». В этом видео 312 предложений и 3001 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 14:49. Говорящий говорит быстро, около 203 слов в минуту, поэтому звуки часто сливаются и сокращаются. 89% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика простая. Вопросов здесь 50 из 312 предложений, так что это хорошая тренировка вопросительной интонации и коротких ответов.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| depend глагол | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | зави́сеть |
| grammar существительное | /ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/ | грамма́тика |
| helpful прилагательное | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | поле́зный, любе́зный |
| regret глагол | /ɹɪˈɡɹɛt/ | сожале́ть, жале́ть |
| feedback существительное | /ˈfiːdˌbæk/ | о́тзыв, о́тклик |
| listener существительное | /ˈlɪs(ə)nɚ/ | слу́шатель, слу́шательница |
| naturally наречие | /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/ | есте́ственно |
| concrete прилагательное | /ˌkɑnˈkɹit/ | конкре́тный, определённый |
| whereas | /(h)wɛɹˈæz/ | тогда́ как, в то вре́мя как |
| vacation существительное | /veɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ | о́тпуск, кани́кулы |
| differently наречие | /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/ | по-друго́му |
| tricky прилагательное | /ˈtɹɪk.i/ | каверзны́й, щекотли́вый |
| optional прилагательное | /ˈɑp.ʃə.nəl/ | необяза́тельный, факультати́вный |
| verb существительное | /vɝb/ | глаго́л |
| confused прилагательное | /kənˈfjuːzd/ | спу́танный, беспоря́дочный |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| go back глагол | возвраща́ться, возврати́ться | |
| stay up глагол | бо́дрствовать | |
| check out глагол | проверя́ть, прове́рить | |
| come up глагол | поднима́ться, подня́ться | |
| end up глагол | зака́нчиваться, зако́нчиться | |
| go out глагол | выходи́ть, вы́йти | |
| show up глагол | объявля́ться, объяви́ться | |
| wake up глагол | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | просыпа́ться, просну́ться |
Фразы, которые стоит повторять
Короткие законченные фразы из видео, которые пригодятся в повседневном разговоре:
- We're like, you know what?
- Do you ever do that?
- Where were you last night?
- I, you said, where were you last night?
- Why did I use must there?
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Условные предложения if + предложение, will/would + глагол — условие и его результат | if I have something early I'll say |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | have not returned · We've had · has gone |
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | be really lined · was had · is not based |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 101 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например you're, we're, didn't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: vacation /veɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/, optional /ˈɑp.ʃə.nəl/, confusion /kənˈfjuːʒən/, gosh /ɡɑːʃ/, intentional /ɪnˈtɛnʃənəl/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, apologize /əˈpɑləˌd͡ʒaɪz/, voluntary /ˈvɑ.lənˌt(ɛ)ɹi/, intentional /ɪnˈtɛnʃənəl/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, takeaway /ˈteɪkəweɪ/
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, highlight /ˈhaɪˌlaɪt/, hindsight /ˈhaɪn(d)saɪt/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: depend /dɪˈpɛnd/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, verb /vɝb/, confused /kənˈfjuːzd/, solve /sɒlv/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как depend, grammar, helpful.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.