쉐도잉 연습: How America became a superpower - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
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The modern United States is the most powerful country in human history.
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With over 800 military bases and 37% of global military spending, the United States has become the leader of a vast interconnected global system that has helped usher in an era of unprecedented prosperity and low levels of conflict.
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To understand America’s position in the world, and why it’s so pivotal for world politics as we know it, you have to go back to the country’s founding — back to when America wasn’t a global power in any sense of the word.
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During the first 70 years of its existence, the United States expanded in both territory and influence in North America eventually reaching the Pacific Ocean in a wave of expansionism that resulted in the wholesale slaughter of the indigenous people who populated the continent.
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But early Americans were deeply divided as to whether the country should expand beyond the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
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This became a major debate after the civil war, when some leaders, like post-war Secretary of State Seward, argued that America should push to become a global power.
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Seward succeeded in pushing a plan to purchase Alaska from Russia, but his attempts to buy Greenland and Iceland, as well as annex territory in the Caribbean, were all blocked by Congress.
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That’s because some Americans, including many on Capitol Hill, had a strong anti-imperialist bent.
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These people worried about America getting more involved in global politics, as well as having to integrate populations from “inferior” races.
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And this opposition applied major checks on the imperialist urge to expand.
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But something was happening in the late 1800s that would change the debate about American expansionism.
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The industrial revolution produced explosive economic growth, and the bigger US economy required a more centralized state and bureaucracy to manage the growing economy.
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Power became concentrated in the federal government, making it easier for expansionist presidents, like William Mckinley, to unilaterally push United States influence abroad.
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The key turning point came in 1898, when President McKinley dragged the country into war with Spain over the island of Cuba despite intense opposition.
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The rising US easily defeated the moribund Spanish empire, acquiring Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines in the process (1898).
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Over the next two years, the US would annex the Kingdom of Hawaii (1898), Wake Island (1899), and American Samoa (1900).
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A few years later the US took control of the Panama Canal Zone (1903) and sent troops to occupy the Dominican Republic (1916), it also purchased the American Virgin Islands (1917).
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This period of rapid acquisition of far flung territories put the US on the map as a truly global power.
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During this time, America also began using its influence to protect its growing commercial and military interests abroad, installing pro-American regimes in places like Nicaragua and playing a major role in international diplomacy regarding the Western presence in China.
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World War I showed how just how much America’s influence had grown.
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Not only was American intervention a decisive factor in the war's end But President Wilson attended the Paris Peace Conference which ended the war and attempted to set the terms of the peace.
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He spearheaded America’s most ambitious foreign policy initiative yet, an international organization, called the League of Nations, designed to promote peace and cooperation globally.
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The League, a wholesale effort to remake global politics, showed just how ambitious American foreign policy had become.
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Yet isolationism was still a major force in the United States.
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Yet isolationism was still a major force in the United States.
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Congress blocked the United States from joining the League of Nations, dooming Wilson’s project.
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During the Great Depression and the rise of Hitler, the US was was much more focused on its own region than on European affairs Ultimately, though, America’s ever-growing entanglements abroad made it impossible for it to stay out of global affairs entirely.
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In East Asia, the growing Japanese empire posed a the direct threat to American possessions and troops bringing the United States and Japan into conflict.
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This culminated in the Pearl Harbor attack bringing the United States into World War II.
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World War Two would transform America’s global presence forever.
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The United States was the only major power to avoid economic ruin during the war, and it was the sole country equipped with atomic weapons.
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As such, it was in unique position to set the terms of the peace — and, with the aim of preventing another war in mind, it took advantage.
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The most famous example of this is the creation of the United Nations.
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The UN charter set up a system of international law prohibiting wars of conquest, like the ones waged by the Nazis and the Japanese.
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It also served as a forum in which the international community could weigh in on disputes, and help resolve them.
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This way, the Americans hoped, great powers could resolve their differences through compromise and law rather than war.
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But while the UN is the most famous of the post-war institutions, it isn’t the only one.
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730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations came together in a small vacation haven in New Hampshire. Their goal? To establish a global financial system that would prevent another Great Depression and World War.
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The resulting agreement, called the Bretton Woods Agreement ultimately became backbone of the global financial system.
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Resulting in the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
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By creating these institutions the United States committed itself to being deeply involved in the world’s problems.
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The issue, though, is that the world’s second-largest power — The Soviet Union — saw things differently.
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World War II had made allies out of the democratic West and communist East in the fight against Hitler, but that couldn’t last.
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The United States saw Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe and elsewhere as a direct threat to its vision of a free-trading world.
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"To a substantial degree, in one form or another" Socialism has spread the shadow of human regimentation Over most of the nations of the earth And... the shadow is encroaching on our own liberty.
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Fearful of Soviet intentions towards Western Europe, the US and other European nations created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance meant to stop Russia from invading other countries in Europe.
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Globally, the US committed to a strategy called “containment” — so called because it was aimed at containing the spread of Communism everywhere on the globe.
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This new global struggle meant that the US had to exert influence everywhere, all the time.
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Instead of disbanding the massive military machine created for World War II, its wheels mostly kept turning.
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This had two main results: first, the US was pulled into unlikely alliances with countries like Saudi Arabia, Israel, and South Korea, seeing each of them as bulwarks against communist influence in their region.
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Secondly, the US began intervening, often secretly, in dozens of countries to contain Soviet influence.
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Sometimes this meant propping up sympathetic dictators like in Iran, other times supplying rebels with arms and money like in Afghanistan in 1979 and Nicaragua in 1985.
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Over the course of the Cold War, the US intervened in hundreds of disputes around the globe, ending up with a complicated set of alliances, tensions, and relationships in basically every corner of the earth.
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After the Berlin wall fell, the US could have withdrawn from this system, severing ties with its allies and drawing down the size of its military.
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And while the US did military spending, much of the military infrastructure and alliances from the Cold War war remained.
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Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton decided that it was in both America and the world’s interests for the United States, now the sole superpower on earth, to continue actively managing global affairs.
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" We should be and we must be Peacemakers" NATO, created solely as a tool for countering the Soviets, stayed together and even expanded, a way of keeping European nations united in the absence of the Soviet threat.
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Washington’s support for countries like Israel and Japan stayed intact, ostensibly as a means of preventing war in those regions.
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The global system of alliances and institutions created to keep the peace during the Cold War became permanent — as did the American military and political commitments needed to keep them running .
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This system remains in operation today, and no leading American politician since the Cold War has seriously called for dismantling them — except, perhaps for Donald Trump.
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Trump has said contradictory things about these commitments.
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But he’s consistently argued that American allies are not paying America enough for its protection, and questioned the value of free trade.
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That calls NATO and even the World Trade Organization into question.
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At some point, we have to say, you know what, we're better off if Japan protects itself against this maniac in North Korea.
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We're better off if South Korea is going to start to protect itself -- and Saudi Arabia?-- Saudi Arabia? Absolutely.
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This is a sharp divergence from the consensus that has dominated US foreign policy since 1945, and something closer to the isolationism that came before it.
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So will President Trump act on some of candidate Trump's ideas, and reverse decades worth of institution building and alliances?
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We'll find out, soon enough.
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이 클립을 통한 말하기 목표
이 비디오는 복잡한 역사적 내용을 명확히 전달하는 능력을 키우는 데 중점을 둡니다. 긴 문장 구조, 연결어 사용, 그리고 사건의 원인과 결과를 설명하는 표현을 연습함으로써, 논리적인 이야기 전개 능력을 향상시킬 수 있습니다. 특히 "shadow speak" 기법을 활용해 자연스러운 발음과 리듬을 익히면, 영어로 복잡한 주제를 말할 때 자신감을 갖게 됩니다.
유용한 표현 모음
- usher in an era of: ~의 시대를 열다
- pivotal for: ~에 있어 결정적인
- drag into war: 전쟁에 휘말리게 하다
- set the terms of the peace: 평화의 조건을 정하다
- pose a direct threat to: ~에 직접적인 위협을 가하다
약점을 보완하세요
이 비디오는 "영어 발음 교정"에 도움이 되는 부분이 많습니다. 특히 단어 사이의 연결음과 강세 위치가 중요한데, 예를 들어 "United States"에서 "t"가 약화되는 현상이나 "international organization"에서의 리듬을 주의깊게 들을 수 있습니다. "shadow speak" 기법을 사용해 화자의 발음과 속도를 따라하면, 자연스러운 발화 패턴을 익힐 수 있습니다. 또한 "shadowspeak"을 연습할 때는 문장의 흐름을 놓치지 않고, 강세가 필요한 단어를 강조하는 것이 중요합니다. 이를 통해 복잡한 문장도 부드럽게 말할 수 있게 됩니다.
이 영상의 문법
화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 문형 | 영상 속 표현 |
|---|---|
| 현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때 | has become · has spread · has said |
| 수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점 | was aimed · was pulled |
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.