쉐도잉 연습: The surprising pattern behind color names around the world - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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If I showed you this paint chip and asked you to tell me what color it is, what would you say?

How about this one, and this one?

You probably said blue, purple, and brown, but if your native language is Wobe from Côte d 'Ivoire,

you probably would have used one word for all three.

That's because not all languages have the same number of basic color categories.

In English we have 11, Russian has 12, but some languages like Wobbe only have three

and researchers have found that if a language only has three or four basic colors

They can usually predict what those will be So how do they do it?

As you would expect different languages have different words for colors

But what interests researchers isn't those simple translations.

It's the question of which colors get names at all

Because as much as we think of colors in categories, the truth is that color is a spectrum.

It's not obvious why we should have a basic color term for this color, but not this one.

And until the 1960s, it was widely believed by anthropologists that cultures would just choose from the spectrum randomly.

But in 1969, two

Berkeley researchers, Paul Kay and Brent Berlin, published a book challenging that assumption.

They had asked 20 people who spoke different languages to look at these 330 color chips

and categorize each of them by their basic color term.

And they found hints of a universal pattern.

If a language had six basic color words, they were always for black or dark, white or light, red, green, yellow, and blue.

If it had four terms, they were for black, white, red, and then either green or yellow.

If it had only three, they were always for black, white, and red.

It's suggested that as languages develop, they create color names in a certain order first black and white, then red, then green and yellow,

then blue, then others like brown, purple, pink, orange, and gray.

The theory was revolutionary.

They weren't the first researchers interested in the question of how we name colors.

In 1858, William Gladstone, who would later become a four -term British Prime Minister, published a book on the ancient

Greek works of Homer.

He was struck by the fact that there weren't many colors at all in the text,

and when there were, Homer would use the same word for, quote, colors which, according to us, are essentially different.

He used the same word for purple to describe blood, a dark cloud, a wave,

and a rainbow, and he referred to the sea as wine -looking.

Gladstone didn't find any references to blue or orange at all.

Some researchers took this and other ancient writings to wrongly speculate that earlier societies were colorblind.

Later in the 19th century, an anthropologist named W .H .R.

Rivers went on an expedition to Papua New Guinea, where he found that some tribes only had words for red,

white, and black, while others had additional words for blue and green.

An expedition to investigate the cultures on a remote group of islands in the Torres Straits between Australia and New Guinea.

His brief was to investigate the mental characteristics of the islanders." He claims

that the number of color terms in a population was related to their,

quote, "...intellectual and cultural development." And he used his findings to claim that Papuans were less physically evolved than Europeans.

Berlin and Kay didn't make those racist claims, but their color hierarchy attracted a lot of criticism.

For one thing, critics pointed out that the study used a small sample size — 20 people,

all of whom were bilingual English speakers, not monolingual native speakers.

And almost all of the languages were from industrialized societies, hardly the best portrait of the entire world.

But it also had to do with defining what a basic color term is.

In the Yele language in Papua New Guinea, for example, there are only basic color terms for black, white, and red.

But there's a broad vocabulary of everyday objects, like the sky, ashes, and tree sap,

that are used as color comparisons that cover almost all English color words.

There are also languages like Hanuno 'o, from the Philippines, where a word can communicate both color and a physical feeling.

They have four basic terms to describe color, but they're on a spectrum of light vs. dark, strength vs. weakness, and wetness vs. dryness.

Those kinds of languages don't fit neatly into a color chip identification test.

But by the late 1970s, Berlin and Kay had a response for the critics.

They called it the World Color Survey.

They conducted the same labeling test on over 2 ,600 native speakers of 110 unwritten languages from non -industrialized societies.

They found that with some tweaks, the color hierarchy still checked out.

83 % of the languages fit into the hierarchy.

And when they averaged the center point of where each speaker labeled each of their language's colors, they wound up with a sort of heat map.

Those clusters matched pretty closely to the English speaker's averages, which are labeled here.

Here's how Paul Kaye puts it.

It just turns out that most languages make cuts in the same place.

Some languages make fewer cuts than others.

So, these color stages are widespread throughout the world, but why?

Why would a word for red come before a word for blue?

Some have speculated that the stages correspond to the salience of the color in the natural environment.

Red is in blood and in dirt.

Blue on the other hand was fairly scarce before manufacturing.

Recently, cognitive science researchers have explored this question by running computer simulations of how language evolves through conversations between people.

The simulations presented artificial agents with multiple colors at a time, and through a series of simple negotiations,

those agents developed shared labels for the different colors.

And the order in which those labels emerged?

First, reddish tones, then green, and yellow, then blue, then orange.

It matched the original stages pretty closely.

And it suggests that there's something about the colors themselves that leads to this hierarchy.

Red is fundamentally more distinct than the other colors.

So what does all this mean?

Why does it matter?

Well, it tells us that despite our many differences across cultures and societies,

there is something universal about how humans try to make sense of the world.

Thank you.

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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 말하기 레슨은 영상 “The surprising pattern behind color names around the world”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: color, language, word, blue, term. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 66개와 단어 1058개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 6:22입니다. 화자는 분당 약 166단어로, 일상 대화에 가까운 자연스러운 속도로 말합니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 79%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.

단어	발음	뜻
researcher 명사	/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/	연구원, 연구자
label 명사	/ˈleɪ.bəl/	라벨, 레이블
hierarchy 명사	/ˈhaɪ.ə.ɹɑː(ɹ).ki/	계층
purple 명사	/ˈpɝ.pl̩/	자주색, 보라색
chip 명사	/t͡ʃɪp/	칩
spectrum 명사	/ˈspɛktɹəm/	스펙트럼, 분광
universal 형용사	/ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/	우주(宇宙)의, 우주적
investigate 동사	/ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/	조사하다
cloud 명사	/ˈklaʊ̯d/	구름
gray 형용사	/ɡɹeɪ/	회색(灰色)의, 잿빛의
refer 동사	/ɹɪˈfɜː/	언급하다
racist 명사	/ˈɹeɪ.sɪst/	인종차별주의자
remote 형용사	/ɹəˈməʊt̞/	원격, 먼
translation 명사	/tɹænzˈleɪʃən/	번역, 옮김
explore 동사	/ɪkˈsploɹ/	탐험하다

영상에 나오는 구동사

단어	뜻
point out 동사	가리키다

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	have found · have speculated · have explored
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	was struck · are labeled
관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보	people who spoke · averages, which are

주의할 발음

화자는 didn't, weren't, don't 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 7번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.

“sh”와 “zh” 소리: expedition /ɛkspəˈdɪʃən/, simulation /ˌsɪm.jəˈleɪ.ʃn̩/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, translation /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/, artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/
긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: hierarchy /ˈhaɪ.ə.ɹɑː(ɹ).ki/, universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, investigate /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/, expedition /ɛkspəˈdɪʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/

한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:

/f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: refer /ɹɪˈfɜː/, define /dɪˈfaɪn/, fewer /ˈfjuː.ɚ/, physically /ˈfɪz.ɪ.kli/, artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/
/v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, investigate /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/, evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, everyday /ˈɛvɹiˌdeɪ/, revolutionary /ˌɹɛvəˈluʃənɛɹi/
/z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: translation /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/, physically /ˈfɪz.ɪ.kli/, categorize /ˈkætɪɡəˌɹaɪz/, industrialize /ɪnˈdʌstɹiəlaɪz/

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, researcher, label, hierarchy 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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쉐도잉 연습: The surprising pattern behind color names around the world - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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