Prática de Shadowing: The surprising pattern behind color names around the world - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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If I showed you this paint chip and asked you to tell me what color it is, what would you say?
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How about this one, and this one?
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You probably said blue, purple, and brown, but if your native language is Wobe from Côte d 'Ivoire,
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you probably would have used one word for all three.
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That's because not all languages have the same number of basic color categories.
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In English we have 11, Russian has 12, but some languages like Wobbe only have three
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and researchers have found that if a language only has three or four basic colors
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They can usually predict what those will be So how do they do it?
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As you would expect different languages have different words for colors
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But what interests researchers isn't those simple translations.
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It's the question of which colors get names at all
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Because as much as we think of colors in categories, the truth is that color is a spectrum.
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It's not obvious why we should have a basic color term for this color, but not this one.
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And until the 1960s, it was widely believed by anthropologists that cultures would just choose from the spectrum randomly.
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But in 1969, two
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Berkeley researchers, Paul Kay and Brent Berlin, published a book challenging that assumption.
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They had asked 20 people who spoke different languages to look at these 330 color chips
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and categorize each of them by their basic color term.
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And they found hints of a universal pattern.
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If a language had six basic color words, they were always for black or dark, white or light, red, green, yellow, and blue.
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If it had four terms, they were for black, white, red, and then either green or yellow.
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If it had only three, they were always for black, white, and red.
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It's suggested that as languages develop, they create color names in a certain order first black and white, then red, then green and yellow,
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then blue, then others like brown, purple, pink, orange, and gray.
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The theory was revolutionary.
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They weren't the first researchers interested in the question of how we name colors.
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In 1858, William Gladstone, who would later become a four -term British Prime Minister, published a book on the ancient
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Greek works of Homer.
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He was struck by the fact that there weren't many colors at all in the text,
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and when there were, Homer would use the same word for, quote, colors which, according to us, are essentially different.
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He used the same word for purple to describe blood, a dark cloud, a wave,
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and a rainbow, and he referred to the sea as wine -looking.
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Gladstone didn't find any references to blue or orange at all.
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Some researchers took this and other ancient writings to wrongly speculate that earlier societies were colorblind.
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Later in the 19th century, an anthropologist named W .H .R.
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Rivers went on an expedition to Papua New Guinea, where he found that some tribes only had words for red,
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white, and black, while others had additional words for blue and green.
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An expedition to investigate the cultures on a remote group of islands in the Torres Straits between Australia and New Guinea.
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His brief was to investigate the mental characteristics of the islanders." He claims
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that the number of color terms in a population was related to their,
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quote, "...intellectual and cultural development." And he used his findings to claim that Papuans were less physically evolved than Europeans.
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Berlin and Kay didn't make those racist claims, but their color hierarchy attracted a lot of criticism.
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For one thing, critics pointed out that the study used a small sample size — 20 people,
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all of whom were bilingual English speakers, not monolingual native speakers.
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And almost all of the languages were from industrialized societies, hardly the best portrait of the entire world.
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But it also had to do with defining what a basic color term is.
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In the Yele language in Papua New Guinea, for example, there are only basic color terms for black, white, and red.
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But there's a broad vocabulary of everyday objects, like the sky, ashes, and tree sap,
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that are used as color comparisons that cover almost all English color words.
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There are also languages like Hanuno 'o, from the Philippines, where a word can communicate both color and a physical feeling.
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They have four basic terms to describe color, but they're on a spectrum of light vs. dark, strength vs. weakness, and wetness vs. dryness.
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Those kinds of languages don't fit neatly into a color chip identification test.
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But by the late 1970s, Berlin and Kay had a response for the critics.
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They called it the World Color Survey.
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They conducted the same labeling test on over 2 ,600 native speakers of 110 unwritten languages from non -industrialized societies.
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They found that with some tweaks, the color hierarchy still checked out.
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83 % of the languages fit into the hierarchy.
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And when they averaged the center point of where each speaker labeled each of their language's colors, they wound up with a sort of heat map.
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Those clusters matched pretty closely to the English speaker's averages, which are labeled here.
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Here's how Paul Kaye puts it.
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It just turns out that most languages make cuts in the same place.
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Some languages make fewer cuts than others.
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So, these color stages are widespread throughout the world, but why?
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Why would a word for red come before a word for blue?
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Some have speculated that the stages correspond to the salience of the color in the natural environment.
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Red is in blood and in dirt.
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Blue on the other hand was fairly scarce before manufacturing.
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Recently, cognitive science researchers have explored this question by running computer simulations of how language evolves through conversations between people.
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The simulations presented artificial agents with multiple colors at a time, and through a series of simple negotiations,
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those agents developed shared labels for the different colors.
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And the order in which those labels emerged?
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First, reddish tones, then green, and yellow, then blue, then orange.
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It matched the original stages pretty closely.
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And it suggests that there's something about the colors themselves that leads to this hierarchy.
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Red is fundamentally more distinct than the other colors.
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So what does all this mean?
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Why does it matter?
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Well, it tells us that despite our many differences across cultures and societies,
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there is something universal about how humans try to make sense of the world.
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Thank you.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “The surprising pattern behind color names around the world”. As palavras que mais se repetem: color, language, word, blue, term. Este vídeo tem 66 frases e 1058 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 6:22. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 166 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 79% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| researcher substantivo | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | pesquisador, pesquisadora |
| label substantivo | /ˈleɪ.bəl/ | etiqueta, rótulo |
| hierarchy substantivo | /ˈhaɪ.ə.ɹɑː(ɹ).ki/ | hierarquia |
| purple substantivo | /ˈpɝ.pl̩/ | roxo, púrpura |
| chip substantivo | /t͡ʃɪp/ | lasca, fragmento |
| spectrum substantivo | /ˈspɛktɹəm/ | espectro, espetro |
| universal adjetivo | /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/ | universal |
| investigate verbo | /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/ | investigar |
| expedition substantivo | /ɛkspəˈdɪʃən/ | expedição |
| critic substantivo | /ˈkɹɪt.ɪk/ | crítico |
| simulation substantivo | /ˌsɪm.jəˈleɪ.ʃn̩/ | simulação |
| evolve verbo | /ɪˈvɑlv/ | desenvolver, elaborar |
| tone substantivo | /ˈtəʊn/ | tom |
| everyday adjetivo | /ˈɛvɹiˌdeɪ/ | cotidiano |
| cloud substantivo | /ˈklaʊ̯d/ | nuvem, nimbo |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| check out verbo | verificar, sacar só |
| point out verbo | apontar |
| turn out verbo | terminar |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have found · have speculated · have explored |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | was struck · are labeled |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | people who spoke · averages, which are |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 7 contrações e formas reduzidas, como didn't, weren't, don't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: expedition /ɛkspəˈdɪʃən/, simulation /ˌsɪm.jəˈleɪ.ʃn̩/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, translation /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/, artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: hierarchy /ˈhaɪ.ə.ɹɑː(ɹ).ki/, universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, investigate /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/, expedition /ɛkspəˈdɪʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: chip /t͡ʃɪp/, investigate /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/, critic /ˈkɹɪt.ɪk/, cloud /ˈklaʊ̯d/, racist /ˈɹeɪ.sɪst/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: label /ˈleɪ.bəl/, universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, intellectual /ˌɪntəˈlɛkt͡ʃʊəl/, artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, bilingual /baɪˈlɪŋ.ɡwəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: hierarchy /ˈhaɪ.ə.ɹɑː(ɹ).ki/, hint /hɪnt/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como researcher, label, hierarchy.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.