쉐도잉 연습: What If Exoplanets Replaced Our Solar System? - YouTube로 영어 말하기 배우기
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Today, we're bringing distant exoplanets closer to home.
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Today, we're bringing distant exoplanets closer to home.
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How much closer?
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Well, we're moving them right into our Solar System.
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We'll start with TRAPPIST-1e.
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TRAPPIST-1e is a terrestrial planet,
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just a little smaller than Earth.
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Back in its star system,
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41 light years away, this world orbits extremely close to its star.
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But it's okay because that star is tiny.
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Yeah, Trappist-1, that's the star,
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is smaller, redder, and way colder than our Sun.
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It's classified as an ultra-cool dwarf star.
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Nice.
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The distance between TRAPPIST-1e and its star is only about 3% the distance between Earth and the Sun.
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And that's actually within the habitable zone of this tiny star, TRAPPIST-1.
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Now, when we were deciding where to move TRAPPIST-1e into our solar system,
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we thought placing it as close to the Sun as possible would be a great move.
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But not at the same distance as it orbits its own star now,
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because at 0.03 astronomical units,
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our Sun would crisp this world up like a piece of burnt toast.
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No, we're going to find a cozy spot for TRAPPIST-1e in the orbit of Mercury.
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The orbit of Mercury is about 0.4 astronomical units from the Sun. That means
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that TRAPPIST-1e would be orbiting the Sun 13 times further away than it orbited its own star back in its star system.
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But the Sun is bigger and hotter than TRAPPIST-1,
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so even in this faraway orbit,
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TRAPPIST-1e would be getting a lot more sunlight.
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The surface temperature on this alien planet would jump to extreme levels, too.
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And this heat wouldn't take long to hit TRAPPIST-1e.
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No, this planet would become scorching in a matter of days.
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And within years, well, whatever water might be contained on this planet would boil away.
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So if we're thinking in terms of habitability,
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that's bad news for TRAPPIST-1e.
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Habitability-wise, back in its own star system,
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TRAPPIST-1e is the most promising of all its TRAPPIST neighbors.
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Yeah, it has six rocky planetary neighbors.
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Some of those planets are boiling hot,
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too hot for any life to exist on them,
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and some are frozen worlds. But TRAPPIST-1e?
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Kind of rocks.
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It's right in the habitable zone.
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It's got an atmosphere, land, lakes, and oceans.
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It even has similar gravity to Earth's.
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TRAPPIST-1e is no doubt our best candidate for Earth 2.0.
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Or at least it was before we moved it into Mercury's orbit.
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Now any hope we had to make this planet our home away from home would be gone.
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The cool thing is, in Mercury's orbit,
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you'd be able to see it from Earth.
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Yeah, it would be a dot in the sky,
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but a bigger and brighter dot than Mercury.
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Even without a telescope, it would appear as a bright star.
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Another piece of good news is
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that placing an exoplanet 2.4 times larger than Mercury in that orbit wouldn't cause significant gravitational damage to our solar system.
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It might nudge Venus slightly,
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but that would take thousands of years.
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So yeah, bad news for TRAPPIST-1e,
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but not so bad for you on Earth.
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Hey, now that this exoplanet is so close,
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you can finally land on it.
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Or really land on whatever was left of this once possibly habitable world.
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Now, to make things a little fairer for TRAPPIST-1e,
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we should place it closer to Earth's orbit,
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like in the asteroid belt.
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The asteroid belt is this region of space between Mars and Jupiter.
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It has millions of asteroids in it.
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But unlike in Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back,
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these asteroids aren't closely packed together.
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The average distance between them is around 1 million kilometers, 600,000 miles.
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There's plenty of space for TRAPPIST-1e.
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But the asteroid belt is 2.5 times further from the Sun than Earth is.
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So in this position TRAPPIST-1e would only get 16% of the sunlight that we get here on Earth.
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Once again, bad news for this exoplanet.
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It would quickly lose all its heat and turn into a frozen wasteland.
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All of its water would become locked into water ice.
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At this point, it would no longer be Earth 2.0.
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It would be a new Mars.
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If TRAPPIST-1e did have any hint of life, it would be obliterated.
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Unless that life was beneath the surface and could adapt to this sudden climate change.
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But here's where things get interesting for our solar system.
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A planet almost as large as Earth in the asteroid belt?
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Would not be good for you.
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Okay, at first it would be business as usual,
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but over millions of years,
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TRAPPIST-1e would yank asteroids out of their orbits.
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Its gravitational effect would grow,
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and millions of years later,
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it would start disturbing the orbits of Mars and Earth.
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Even worse, it might start affecting Jupiter's orbit.
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And when that giant of a planet shifts orbit,
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well, the entire Solar System is in danger.
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Yeah, even a slight shift in Jupiter's orbit would affect all the inner planets.
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It might even send Mercury crashing into the Sun.
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But that would take billions of years,
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so nothing to worry about for now.
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Okay, clearly TRAPPIST-1e would have no luck in either of these orbits,
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and placing it too close to Earth would be dangerous for our planet.
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So let's try moving another exoplanet,
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Kepler-442b, into one of our spare rooms.
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Kepler-442b is a heavy weight of rocky planets.
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It's 1.3 times the size of Earth and packs 2.3 times our planet's mass.
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It's like Earth on steroids,
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or as scientists call it, a super-Earth.
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Now one moment it's orbiting its cool orange dwarf star,
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1200 light years away, minding its own business,
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and the next moment it's teleported to our solar system.
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But where do we put it?
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Well, back in its own star system,
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where Kepler-442b is the one and only rock,
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it happens to orbit its star's habitable zone.
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But that star, Kepler-442, is a K-type star,
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which is cooler and dimmer than our Sun, a G-type star.
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So, 442's habitable zone is way closer.
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If we replaced our Sun with Kepler-442,
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that would place Mercury in the habitable zone,
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and Venus would be just outside of it.
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But we're not replacing the Sun here.
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We're just placing Kepler-442b at about 0.5 astronomical units from the Sun.
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Yeah, a bit closer to Mercury than to Venus.
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Now that's no longer within the habitable zone of the Sun,
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and that means, well, things are about to get hot for Kepler-442b.
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However, what makes Kepler different from TRAPPIST-1e is that Kepler-442b has stronger gravity,
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so it would fight for its atmosphere.
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Yeah, we believe that Kepler-442b is a great candidate for a habitable world.
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It's bigger than Earth, so it would have a lot more surface to live on.
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But let's be honest, we're not going to travel 1,200 light years to settle there.
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And here, so close to the sun,
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this planet isn't going to be a tropical destination.
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It would be hellishly hot.
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Its oceans would evaporate, but the atmosphere would stick around.
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And that's a bad thing,
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because instead of a super-Earth,
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Kepler-442b would become a super-Venus.
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Yeah, all that vapor from evaporating oceans would make its thick atmosphere even thicker.
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And in the same way that Venus traps its heat on the surface,
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Kepler-442b would do that too.
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Except that Kepler-442b is almost three times more massive than Venus.
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Its strong surface gravity would hold on to the thick atmosphere,
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and after years of intense solar heat,
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this atmosphere could grow even denser.
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And if greenhouse gases began to trap more heat,
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it might end up even worse than Venus.
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You definitely never want to land there.
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And eventually, you might not be able to land there,
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because having a brand new super-Earth in the inner solar system would shake things up.
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It would start slowly, and at first, he wouldn't notice anything.
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But after a few thousand years,
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Kepler-442b's gravitational presence would push the orbits of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
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After millions of years, Kepler-442b might even toss those planets out of their orbits and make them collide with each other.
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And as that orbital mashup is unfolding,
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things would be changing down on Earth, too.
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With an unstable orbit, Earth would have an unstable climate.
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And if we were on a collision course with Mars or Venus or even Kepler-442b itself,
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well that would be the end of our planet.
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But these events would take at least a million years.
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You wouldn't see any planetary collisions in your lifetime.
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So let's go bigger and move a planet five and a half times more massive than Earth.
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Yeah, cue OGLE 2005 BLG 390LB.
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This exoplanet is incredibly cold and super far.
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Yeah, OGLE 2005 BLG 390LB,
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we'll call it OGLE for short,
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is 21,526 light years away.
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OGLE orbits its star at a distance of 2.6 astronomical units.
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If it were in our solar system,
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well, it would be sitting in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
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We don't even know what type of star this planet orbits,
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because its star is just too faint and too far away.
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But it must be some kind of cool star,
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because Ogle is a frozen world.
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It's colder than anything we have in our solar system.
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Yeah, Ogall's surface temperature is only 50 degrees Kelvin.
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That's minus 223 degrees Celsius,
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or minus 370 degrees Fahrenheit.
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It's cold.
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And because we discovered this planet through gravitational microlensing,
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we don't even know how big the planet is.
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You see, there's different ways of discovering planets.
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Telescopes like the Kepler Space Telescope discover planets through the transit method.
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They look at light blocked by an exoplanet passing in front of its star.
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Gravitational microlensing is different.
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It measures the tiny bending and magnification of light from a more distant star.
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That bending is caused by the gravity of a planet when its host star passes in front of it.
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So we don't technically see the planet,
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we just know it's there,
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gravitationally affecting the light from its star.
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And that means Ogle could be a super-Earth,
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or it could be a mini-Neptune.
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For the sake of this experiment,
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let's imagine Ogle as a big, frigid, rocky planet.
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Now if we move this planet into our solar system,
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right in the asteroid belt,
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That would be a huge change for Ogle.
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The asteroid belt gets about 16% of the sunlight that Earth does,
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which is a lot compared to Ogle's original orbit.
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But it's still not enough, not at first.
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The surface would remain deeply frozen,
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but it would warm up to about minus 200 degrees Celsius.
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But the longer it's in our solar system and the more heat it gets from the sun,
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Ogle would slowly warm up.
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Its surface ice would partially sublimate, creating an atmosphere.
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Or adding to its atmosphere if Ogil already has one.
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Still, it would be too cold for us to land on,
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so we'd likely just send probes and rovers to explore the surface of this cold planet.
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Keep in mind that this isn't a small, lightweight planet like TRAPPIST-1e.
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Ogall is massive, 5.5 times heavier than Earth.
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It could be extremely dense and have a strong gravitational pull.
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Within a few million years,
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it would cause the asteroid belt to fall apart.
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The asteroids would be ejected of their orbits and flung forward,
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spiraling toward the Sun.
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And some of those asteroids would take detours near Mars and Earth.
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Our daily weather forecasts on Earth would be calling for bright sunshine,
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light solar winds, and a 70% chance of catastrophic asteroid collision.
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The asteroid belt has millions of asteroids,
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and at least one million of those are a minimum one kilometer in diameter.
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That's 0.6 of a mile.
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So things would get disastrous fast.
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Eventually, after tens of hundreds of millions of years, Ogil would destabilize Mars.
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And once Martian orbit shifted, Earth would be next.
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So if humanity somehow made it to tens of thousands of millions of years,
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a giant asteroid might just wipe us out.
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Like the dinosaurs.
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But things would get much worse,
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much faster, if we placed an epic Super Saturn in an orbit around the Sun.
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This is J1407b and it's magnificent.
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It orbits a star 434 light years away from us and it is truly massive.
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J1407b is 20 times more massive than Saturn,
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but its rings are 200 times wider than Saturn's.
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Yeah, if we placed this alien gas giant in the same orbit as Earth,
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its rings would reach Mercury.
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Back in its own star system,
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this super Saturn orbits 10 to 15 times further from its star than Earth does,
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In our solar system, that would place it perfectly between Saturn and Uranus.
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Now, those giant rings would dominate the sky.
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They'd reflect so much sunlight that you could see them from Earth.
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Though in its new orbit between Saturn and Uranus,
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you'd need a telescope to see them properly.
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But let's not forget, this planet is massive.
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It would be tugging at Saturn and Uranus, slowly disrupting their orbits.
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Over millions of years, this gravitational dance would destabilize moons,
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shift rings, or even pull Uranus into a more elliptical path.
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The smaller icy bodies in the Kuiper Belt would no longer be safe.
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1407b's gravitational reach would act like a celestial broom,
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sweeping entire regions of debris clean,
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or hurling them inward toward you on Earth.
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Yeah, expect a higher number of asteroid collisions.
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Now, let's say we wanted to explore this absolutely magnificent giant and its rings with a probe flyby.
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Well, that could be difficult.
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Those rings aren't just icy rocks.
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They're millions of chunks, some as large as mountains,
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orbiting J1407b at thousands of kilometers per hour.
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A direct impact would vaporize a spacecraft.
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Now, J1407b might have hundreds of moons.
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Some could be larger than Mercury.
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If they cross into Saturn or Uranus' orbit,
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they'd crash into those planets.
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They might even make Saturn and Uranus' own rings bigger and brighter.
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If J1407b nudged Jupiter even a little bit,
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the effects could eventually ripple inward toward Earth.
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Jupiter is the anchor of our planetary orbits.
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If J1407b disturbed it, it would throw off the entire balance of our inner solar system.
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Over hundreds of millions of years,
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those tiny changes would add up.
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Earth's orbit could wobble.
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Asteroids would be smashing into us.
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Mercury might even get flung into the Sun.
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Yeah, it gets chaotic.
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Now, imagine one of these exoplanets replacing our moon.
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Yeah, that would be pure chaos.
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But that's a story for another What If.
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you
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이번 수업에서는 태양계를 떠나 TRAPPIST-1e라는 외계 행성을 탐험할 것입니다. 이 행성의 특징, Habitability (거주 가능성) 및 태양계 내에서의 위치 이동에 대해 이야기할 것입니다. 영상 속 이야기와 함께 영어로 정보를 받아들이고, 관련된 단어와 구문을 익힘으로써 영어 회화 능력을 증진할 수 있습니다. 더불어, 유튜브 영어 공부를 통해 청취 능력도 함께 향상시킬 수 있는 좋은 기회입니다.
주요 어휘 및 구문
- exoplanet (외계 행성)
- terrestrial planet (지구형 행성)
- habitable zone (거주 가능 구역)
- orbit (공전하다)
- surface temperature (표면 온도)
- atmosphere (대기)
- gravity (중력)
연습 팁
영상의 속도와 톤이 다소 빠를 수 있으므로, 영어 쉐도잉에 주의하여 연습하는 것이 중요합니다. shadowspeaks 기법을 사용하여 화면에 나오는 내용을 따라 읽어보세요. 처음에는 전체 영상을 함께 보며 리스닝 연습을 한 후, 몇 가지 구문을 반복적으로 따라 해보는 것이 좋습니다. 특히 주요 어휘와 구문에 집중하여 발음을 개선하고 기억력을 높이세요. 반복적인 연습이 영어 회화 연습에 큰 도움이 될 것입니다. 각 문장을 따라 할 때는 정확한 발음과 억양에 유의하며, 자신의 목소리를 녹음해보는 것도 좋은 방법입니다. 이렇게 하면 더 나은 언어 감각을 얻을 수 있을 것입니다.
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