쉐도잉 연습: What is NOT Random? - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

레슨 만드는 중...
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- What will happen tomorrow is not random.
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In other words, it's at least somewhat predictable.
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I mean, not entirely to be sure, but some things will happen for certain, and other things definitely won't.
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For example, the sun will rise, water will still freeze at zero degrees celsius, - and you won't become Michael Stevens.
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- We know this because everything in the universe is made of 12 fundamental particles, and they interact in four predictable ways.
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- What if I were able to determine the positions and velocities of every single one of these particles in the universe?
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- Well, you would be the intelligence envisioned by Laplace, who thought if you could really figure out where everything is and how fast it's moving, you would know the entire future of the universe, because you know how every particle interacts with every other particle.
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- Wow, so nothing would be unpredictable, which means, nothing would be random.
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- Not even human behavior.
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Since we are made of the same fundamental particles as everything in the rest of the universe, everything we will ever do, or have ever done, would be determined by the information in the state of the universe at any one time.
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- But what is information?
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Well, it seems to be fundamentally about order.
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The order of molecules in your DNA contain the information needed to make you.
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It is the order of zeros and ones streaming through the internet that contain all the information required to play this video.
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It is the order of letters that makes a word, and the order of words that makes a sentence that carries information.
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So fundamentally, information seems to be about order.
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Regularity.
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That is, until you really think about it.
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I mean, does every letter of a word carry the same amount of information?
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No. I mean, after a "Q", you know almost for certain that the next letter will be a "U".
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After a "Th", there will probably be an "E".
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So these letters carry very little information, because you could predict them beforehand.
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They are redundant.
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In fact, the founder of information theory, Claude Shannon, estimated the redundancy of English at about 75%, which is why we can make sense of things like this.
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So English can be compressed, because it is not random.
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It has patterns.
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Similarly, this video is compressible because of its regularities.
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In each frame, the pixels of similar color cluster together.
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Plus, from frame to frame, most of the pixels don't change.
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So you only need to record the ones that do change.
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- You can take advantage of this technique to create some trippy effects known as datamoshing.
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It's the application of the movement data from one video, to the pixels of another.
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- It also means that an average video can be compressed to just one thousandth of its original size.
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- But what is the most you can compress something?
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- Well, anything that is not random, any patters or regularities, can be reduced, because they are predictable.
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So you can continue shrinking a file down until what you're left with is totally random.
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- And that will contain all of the information of the original item but distilled.
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Pure information.
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- So pure information is randomness.
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If you want to know how much information something contains, you need to know how random it is.
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And randomness is disorder...
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What we also call ...
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- Entropy.
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- So information, fundamentally, is entropy.
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This makes sense if you consider a string of binary digits.
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For example, this string is perfectly ordered.
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It has very low entropy, and it contains no information.
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That's the state of an erased hard drive.
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Now, this string contains slightly more information, but again, the regularities allow it to be easily compressed.
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So the string that contains the maximum amount of information is just-- a random set of zeros and ones.
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It has maximum entropy because it's totally disordered.
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You could not predict any of those digits by looking at any of the other digits.
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And if you wanted to send this information to someone, you would have no other option but to send the whole string of digits.
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There's no way to compress it.
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But here's the thing about any object that contains maximum information.
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For us as human beings, they carry no meaning.
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For example, a video containing maximum information would look like this.
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It is just white noise.
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The color of each pixel is independent of all the other pixels, and they all change randomly.
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This video could not be compressed, because it's already totally random.
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Now a random sequence of DNA would not make an organism.
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And a random string of letters does not generally make a word.
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We are drawn to things that are neither perfectly ordered, containing no information, nor are they perfectly disordered, containing maximum information.
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Somewhere in the middle, we can recognize complex patterns, and that is where we derive meaning.
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In music, poetry, and ideas.
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It is this search for meaning that leads us to propose scientific theories, which if you think about it, are really our way of compressing the universe.
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For example, general relativity, our current theory of gravity, compresses into one short equation.
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Everything from how an apple falls to the earth, to how the moon orbits the earth, how all the planets orbit the sun, how the sun orbits a supermassive blackhole at the center of our galaxy, how blackholes form and behave, and how the whole universe expands out from the Big Bang.
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Now that we have this theory, the future is more predictable.
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I mean, we can predict eclipses thousands of years into the future.
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So, with all of our scientific theories, does that mean that the universe is completely not random?
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That it is perfectly predictable?
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Well, let's assume for a second that Laplace was right, and that knowing the state of the universe at any one time, means you also know its state at every other time as well.
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Well, that would mean that the information in our universe would be constant.
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But if information is entropy, that would mean the entropy of the universe is also constant.
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And that does not appear to be the universe that we live in.
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The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy in the universe increases with time.
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Or in other words, things don't stir themselves apart.
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But if entropy is going up, that means the information in our universe is constantly increasing.
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That makes sense, because it would take more information to specify the state of the universe now, than right after the Big Bang.
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So, where is this new information coming from?
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My best bet is quantum mechanics.
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Quantum mechanics describes how the 12 fundamental particles behave.
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And as spectacularly successful as it is, it is only a probabilistic theory.
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Meaning that you cannot predict with absolute certainty where an electron, say, will be at some later time.
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You can only calculate probabilities of where you are likely to find it.
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So when you do interact with it, and locate the electron at a particular point, you have gained information.
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You now know something that you couldn't have predicted with certainty beforehand.
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This drove Einstein crazy.
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He said, "God does not play dice," referring to this.
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I mean, he wished that we could compress our theory of quantum mechanics further, so that we could really figure out where these particles were going to be.
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But maybe the reason why we haven't been able to compress quantum mechanics further, is because fundamentally, it's random.
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Fundamentally, new information is being generated every time a quantum event like that occurs.
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In that case, it could be these quantum measurements which are driving up the entropy of the universe.
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They are creating new information all of the time, and that means the disorder in our universe must go up.
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This is what we observe as the second law of thermodynamics.
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You know, we often think about the second law as a curse.
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As though everything which is ordered is going towards disorder.
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But maybe, I mean, it's only in a universe where this law is obeyed, that the truly unexpected can occur.
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That the future can be actually undetermined.
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For us really to have free will, we need the second law of thermodynamics.
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Now, you might think that these quantum events are too small to have any meaningful impact on the evolution of the universe, but that is not true.
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And that's because, there are physical systems which are so dependent, so sensitive to the initial conditions that any tiny change will end up making a big difference later down the track.
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That's called "chaos." But it's also known as "the butterfly effect." So you and I could be such physical systems.
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Chaotic systems.
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And our free will could come from quantum events in our brains.
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So it looks as though we live in a universe where the future is yet to be determined.
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That is to say, it is at least somewhat random.
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- But Derek, what is the most random thing possible in the universe?
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- That's a good question, Michael.
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- You know, it's such a good question, I'm talking about it over on Vsauce.
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Do you wanna go find out about randomness with me?
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- Let's go check it out.
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- Alright. - And you can decide whether to click over or not.
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- Oh, that's nice.
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- Yeah! - Yeah.

맥락 & 배경

이 비디오는 "무작위가 아닌 것"이라는 주제로 세상에 존재하는 모든 것이 어떻게 예측 가능하고, 우리의 행동조차도 그러한 예측의 범주에 해당된다는 내용을 다루고 있습니다. 영상의 주제는 물리학과 정보 이론을 통해 세상에서의 패턴과 질서에 관한 통찰을 제공합니다. 이를 통해 영어 공부자들이 단어와 문장 구성의 규칙성을 이해하는 것이 중요하다는 점을 강조합니다.

일상 대화를 위한 5가지 주요 구문

  • “내일은 무작위가 아닙니다.” - 예측 가능성에 대한 인식을 강조합니다.
  • “모든 것은 기본 입자로 이루어져 있습니다.” - 사물의 본질을 설명한 구문입니다.
  • “정보는 질서에 관한 것입니다.” - 정보와 질서의 관계를 명확히 합니다.
  • “영어는 압축할 수 있습니다.” - 언어의 패턴에 대한 흥미로운 관찰입니다.
  • “무작위성은 무질서입니다.” - 무작위성과 정보 이론의 연결을 설명합니다.

단계별 쉐도잉 가이드

이 비디오의 내용을 이해하고 효과적으로 쉐도잉하기 위해 다음 단계를 따르세요:

  1. 비디오 시청: 처음에는 내용의 전반적인 흐름을 이해하기 위해 비디오를 한 번 시청하세요.
  2. 자막 켜기: 이해가 어렵다면 자막을 켜고 다시 보세요. 이 단계에서는 문장 구조와 단어 선택에 집중합니다.
  3. 쉐도잉 시작: 짧은 구문부터 시작하여 발음을 따라 해 보세요. “영어 발음 교정”을 위해 발음에 특히 주의하세요.
  4. 반복 연습: 어려운 구문은 여러 번 반복하여 입에 익도록 하세요. “shadow speaks” 기법을 활용하여 리듬을 경험하세요.
  5. 피드백 받기: 친구나 선생님에게 발음과 억양에 대한 피드백을 요청하세요. 이는 “IELTS 스피킹”을 준비하는 데에도 유용할 것입니다.

이 가이드를 통해 언어 습득을 더욱 효과적으로 진행할 수 있으며, “shadowing site”를 통해 추가적인 자료와 연습도 찾아보세요. 매일 꾸준한 연습이 영어 실력을 향상시키는 열쇠입니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.