Shadowing Practice: IASNR 2022 Conference Presentation - Learn English Speaking with Video
Les maken...
1
Hi, my name is Chad McGuire, and this is my presentation on an analysis of sulfur emission reductions in the United States between 1990
2
and 2014 using a disproportionality framework.
3
In terms of an overview, uh, There is a regulatory natural experiment in sulfur emissions in the United States that we can look at,
4
and it began in 1990 when the United States federal government passed the Clean Air Act amendments of 1990.
5
And the regulatory mechanism that creates this natural experiment is the cap and trade program.
6
Cap and trade has been used in a number of ways.
7
globally by different governments, but here in the United States in particular, cap and trade was the main mechanism that was used in the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments.
8
And as a matter of using that cap and trade framework, we can review reductions over time.
9
between high and low socioeconomic status communities.
10
So using the cap and trade scenario, we can look at the effect of cap and trade.
11
in terms of its
12
proportionality or disproportionality between communities and what that means quite simply is
13
that as we see the cap
14
and trade play itself out over time since 1990 we can
15
look at areas where emission levels of certain particular sulfur as an example of a pollutant
16
that has an impact on human well -being we can look at those the numbers of the proportions
17
of sulfur emissions over time since 1990
18
and we can see relatively speaking where they diminished
19
and where they might not have diminished as quickly in certain communities so we can look for evidence of disproportionality so
20
Operational characteristics are we can look for, for example, for the socio -economic status communities, higher unemployment, lower educational attainment,
21
higher consumption of means tested public services and offering greater demographic diversity.
22
These characteristics are the things
23
that we would look at to determine low socio -economic status communities
24
when we're looking at the relative changes in sulfur emissions from the cap and trade program between different geographic regions.
25
And disproportionality itself, we can operationally or operationally defined as evidence of distributional effects of environmental policies.
26
So where we see some change, some variance in reductions, let's call that, reductions of sulfur emissions over time.
27
So for cap and trade in particular, the cap, we can look at as a government mandate and then the trade market forces.
28
So we have the opportunity for distributional effects because the cap part is a government mandate.
29
That's a requirement.
30
So we cap total amounts of emissions, but then the trade can allow us to see how those changes,
31
those reductions as the cap reduces total emissions, where there might be changes in one area versus another.
32
You might actually see increases in some areas where you see substantial reductions in others.
33
And then you'd look at what those areas look like, what that community looks like, and whether or not it shows signs of,
34
as we've defined operationally here, low socioeconomic status.
35
Michael Shachm: And so, as a matter of overall CAP is reduced government function, but what is the distribution of emissions and trading phase over time between socio economic status communities.
36
- Yeah.
37
For the purposes of the study, in particular.
38
located in Massachusetts and so looked at Massachusetts communities instead of a nationwide
39
because there's too much variance say between states it's too difficult
40
so we looked at communities at the county level
41
and then specific communities largest emitters within counties so we compared those counties
42
and the communities within those counties
43
and Massachusetts as a way to try to determine disproportionality the big questions what factors may be influencing the observance or
44
What factors might be influencing it?
45
What policy implications arise from this analysis?
46
And in terms of the research focus framework questions that we have derived from previous work, Collins, Munos, and Zsa Zsa in particular,
47
whether the producer disproportionality are present across the study area.
48
So do we find disproportionality at all between these Massachusetts communities, these let's call them county level communities.
49
And if disproportionality are found, what is the demographic makeup of those communities, and are they consistent?
50
So if we do find disproportionality between communities, How do those communities look from a demographic standpoint?
51
In terms of data and results, so here we have a table that we derived from looking at the different sulfur emissions,
52
and these are the years in which we can find changes
53
and new updates in terms of the United States Environmental Protection Agency national emissions inventory.
54
So these are the years that we can find between 1990 and 2014 where we're given these specific particular changes.
55
What we find is that in Massachusetts, if you look, you can see that in 1990, these are in the millions, so it's 2 .33 million.
56
And we see a reduction down to 3544 metric tons, which is significant.
57
So we see an overall significant reduction.
58
The cap and trade program was very effective in reducing between 1990 and 2014 the amount of sulfur overall in Massachusetts. than others.
59
And so we can look at those counties
60
and make a determination of the levels of reduction from these periods of time from 1990 to 1996,
61
from 1996, 1997, so on and so forth, and look at how those reductions.
62
We can see there were substantial overall reductions between 1990 and 2014,
63
but the question is, what does the path look like between these years where the measurements were made, and what does the path look like in relationship to that?
64
relating these counties to what we have identified as Bristol County
65
as our low socioeconomic status community these are the five counties within Massachusetts
66
that have the largest relatively large levels we excluded Suffolk County for various reasons
67
but it was basically done within between 1990 and 1996 but
68
which had the largest levels and we can see distribution patterns
69
and compare them honestly between each other of these five counties over the period of time
70
The reason Bristol County is chosen as our low socioeconomic status or the community, the relative community with disproportionality is because relative to the other,
71
counties as you can see here in the scatter plots you
72
can see the other counties bristol county shows relative to its amount of emissions here the tons of sulfur emissions
73
and we can look at a certain demographics that we're able to get which includes population unemployment rate percent below poverty
74
and percent of high school graduate or higher.
75
We see the Bristol County basically contains these demographic indicators in terms of overall poverty level,
76
overall percentage relative to the other counties.
77
Bristol County has higher emissions, relative to the other counties, and it tends to be,
78
it tends to have higher unemployment rates and lower education rates, the things that you would indicate to be a low socioeconomic status community in relationship to these other areas.
79
So that's why Bristol County ends up being our county of choice.
80
And so when we sort of look at these distribution patterns over time of those years that we discussed,
81
1990, 96, 97, so these years where the EPA inventory looked at the sulfur emissions, we can see we have substantial reductions,
82
relatively speaking, and including Bristol County, which I think, excuse me, which we can see here in the yellow Bristol County's reductions.
83
here.
84
So effectively what's happening is that the burden, if you think about it this way, as you're reducing sulfur emissions, if you're not doing technological advances,
85
if you're not going to put in expensive scrubbers to remove the sulfur, you're probably going to start shutting down and transitioning from coal to other methods of generating electricity,
86
where most of the sulfur emissions come from is the burning of coal.
87
And so what's happening is the other counties that That's Bristol County.
88
They're either shutting down or they're reducing pretty substantially within about a decade or so,
89
and Bristol County is taking the sort of brunt of that.
90
So if there's a need for still generating electricity using coal, relatively speaking, a cheap version for the state.
91
writ large that you're going to see Bristol County.
92
The evidence shows that Bristol County did not have the same rates in between these years in particular, the same rates of reductions.
93
And you can see that
94
if you look at Massachusetts here in the green relative to Massachusetts reductions relative to Bristol County, its reductions.
95
You see again, there's this burden
96
that Bristol County seems to be taking on relative to the
97
rest of the state in terms of maintaining a certain level of emissions.
98
What that means effectively if we look at this is that the cap and trade can be effective at pollution reduction.
99
It certainly was in Massachusetts.
100
It was nationally, you know, in terms of reducing emissions significantly sulfur, which carries all kinds of important implications,
101
but cap sets mandatory target.
102
which is important because you can lower the cap every year, every period of time.
103
And then the trade allows for important market incentives and choice.
104
So it allows for a lot of room in terms of how generators, those that burn sulfur, coal, that contain sulfur, how they're going to meet that objective.
105
But the process is far from equal.
106
And that's what the evidence shows us in this study.
107
So the evidence is the burden of reduction tends to fall disproportionately on marginalized communities.
108
In our case, Bristol County bore most of the burden of reducing.
109
It same reduction, the same levels of reduction as the other communities.
110
And so that's an important point for the trade portion, at least, because it's not equal amongst communities.
111
And so we must understand this reality when we're thinking about policy design and implementation.
112
We must look beyond the ultimate goals and see how the process of obtaining those goals, what happens along the way.
113
And that's really important to think about from a policy standpoint when we thinking about the role of environmental policies.
114
That's all.
115
I hope you enjoyed.
116
Thank you very much.
117
Thank you.
✨ Aanbevolen Video
C1889
23 zinnen
Shadowing AFC22
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
284 zinnen
Why do people smoke?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C111
109 zinnen
Creating Capabilities – Martha Nussbaum
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
42 zinnen
2014 Three Minute Thesis winning presentation by Emily Johnston
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C18
50 zinnen
Nanotechnology and Its Applications
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
31 zinnen
Mark Ruffalo on New York State's Environmental Leadership
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
20 zinnen
Why safeguard ICH? Answers from Chile
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
50 zinnen
IELTS Listening Practice Test 2026 | Section 4 | Coral Reefs | Questions 31-40 | With Answers
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
448 zinnen
If You Can Understand This News Article, Your English is Excellent!
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C126
62 zinnen
The use of soil to reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere | IELTS LISTENING TEST | SECTION-4
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1212
46 zinnen
Leonardo DiCaprio (UN Messenger of Peace) at the opening of Climate Summit 2014
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepBusiness English
C11
35 zinnen
AmSpec Group - A year in recap (2025)
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles op niveau C1 is gebaseerd op de video “IASNR 2022 Conference Presentation”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: reduction, emission, cap, communities, county. Deze video bevat 117 zinnen en 1669 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 11:06. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 150 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. 83% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| emission zelfstandig naamwoord | /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/ | uitstoot, emissie |
| sulfur zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈsʌl.fə/ | zwavel |
| demographic bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/ | demografisch |
| diminish werkwoord | /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/ | verkleinen, verminderen |
| variance zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈvæɹ.i.əns/ | afwijkend |
| derive werkwoord | /dɪˈɹaɪv/ | afleiden |
| standpoint zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈstændpɔɪnt/ | standpunt, uitgangspunt |
| mandate zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈmændeɪ̯t/ | mandaat |
| characteristic zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/ | trekje, karakteristiek |
| attainment zelfstandig naamwoord | /əˈteɪnmənt/ | het verkrijgen van |
| emitter zelfstandig naamwoord | /əmɪtə/ | zender |
| marginalize werkwoord | /ˈmɑɹdʒɪnəlaɪz/ | marginaliseren |
| observance zelfstandig naamwoord | /əbˈzɝvəns/ | feestdag |
| pollutant zelfstandig naamwoord | /pəˈl(j)uːtənt/ | vervuiler |
| scatter werkwoord | /ˈskætɚ/ | uiteenspatten, uiteengaan |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Betekenis |
|---|---|
| shut down werkwoord | afsluiten, uitzetten |
| end up werkwoord | belanden, terechtkomen |
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt | has been · we've defined · have derived |
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | is reduced · are found · were made |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 14 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals you're, we're, they're. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/, diminish /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/, distributional /ˌdɪs.tɹəˈbjuː.ʃə.nəl/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/, disproportionately /ˈdɪs.pɹəˌpɔɹ.ʃən.ət.li/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: demographic /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/, distributional /ˌdɪs.tɹəˈbjuː.ʃə.nəl/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, disproportionately /ˈdɪs.pɹəˌpɔɹ.ʃən.ət.li/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: derive /dɪˈɹaɪv/, marginalize /ˈmɑɹdʒɪnəlaɪz/, exclude /ɪksˈkluːd/, arise /əˈɹaɪz/, incentive /ɪnˈsɛntɪv/
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: demographic /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/, variance /ˈvæɹ.i.əns/, standpoint /ˈstændpɔɪnt/, mandate /ˈmændeɪ̯t/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/
- /g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: demographic /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/, globally /ˈɡloʊbəli/, geographic /d͡ʒiəˈɡɹæfɪk/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als emission, sulfur, demographic.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.