Pratica di Shadowing: IASNR 2022 Conference Presentation - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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Hi, my name is Chad McGuire, and this is my presentation on an analysis of sulfur emission reductions in the United States between 1990
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and 2014 using a disproportionality framework.
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In terms of an overview, uh, There is a regulatory natural experiment in sulfur emissions in the United States that we can look at,
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and it began in 1990 when the United States federal government passed the Clean Air Act amendments of 1990.
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And the regulatory mechanism that creates this natural experiment is the cap and trade program.
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Cap and trade has been used in a number of ways.
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globally by different governments, but here in the United States in particular, cap and trade was the main mechanism that was used in the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments.
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And as a matter of using that cap and trade framework, we can review reductions over time.
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between high and low socioeconomic status communities.
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So using the cap and trade scenario, we can look at the effect of cap and trade.
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in terms of its
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proportionality or disproportionality between communities and what that means quite simply is
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that as we see the cap
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and trade play itself out over time since 1990 we can
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look at areas where emission levels of certain particular sulfur as an example of a pollutant
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that has an impact on human well -being we can look at those the numbers of the proportions
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of sulfur emissions over time since 1990
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and we can see relatively speaking where they diminished
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and where they might not have diminished as quickly in certain communities so we can look for evidence of disproportionality so
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Operational characteristics are we can look for, for example, for the socio -economic status communities, higher unemployment, lower educational attainment,
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higher consumption of means tested public services and offering greater demographic diversity.
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These characteristics are the things
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that we would look at to determine low socio -economic status communities
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when we're looking at the relative changes in sulfur emissions from the cap and trade program between different geographic regions.
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And disproportionality itself, we can operationally or operationally defined as evidence of distributional effects of environmental policies.
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So where we see some change, some variance in reductions, let's call that, reductions of sulfur emissions over time.
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So for cap and trade in particular, the cap, we can look at as a government mandate and then the trade market forces.
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So we have the opportunity for distributional effects because the cap part is a government mandate.
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That's a requirement.
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So we cap total amounts of emissions, but then the trade can allow us to see how those changes,
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those reductions as the cap reduces total emissions, where there might be changes in one area versus another.
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You might actually see increases in some areas where you see substantial reductions in others.
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And then you'd look at what those areas look like, what that community looks like, and whether or not it shows signs of,
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as we've defined operationally here, low socioeconomic status.
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Michael Shachm: And so, as a matter of overall CAP is reduced government function, but what is the distribution of emissions and trading phase over time between socio economic status communities.
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- Yeah.
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For the purposes of the study, in particular.
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located in Massachusetts and so looked at Massachusetts communities instead of a nationwide
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because there's too much variance say between states it's too difficult
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so we looked at communities at the county level
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and then specific communities largest emitters within counties so we compared those counties
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and the communities within those counties
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and Massachusetts as a way to try to determine disproportionality the big questions what factors may be influencing the observance or
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What factors might be influencing it?
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What policy implications arise from this analysis?
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And in terms of the research focus framework questions that we have derived from previous work, Collins, Munos, and Zsa Zsa in particular,
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whether the producer disproportionality are present across the study area.
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So do we find disproportionality at all between these Massachusetts communities, these let's call them county level communities.
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And if disproportionality are found, what is the demographic makeup of those communities, and are they consistent?
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So if we do find disproportionality between communities, How do those communities look from a demographic standpoint?
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In terms of data and results, so here we have a table that we derived from looking at the different sulfur emissions,
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and these are the years in which we can find changes
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and new updates in terms of the United States Environmental Protection Agency national emissions inventory.
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So these are the years that we can find between 1990 and 2014 where we're given these specific particular changes.
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What we find is that in Massachusetts, if you look, you can see that in 1990, these are in the millions, so it's 2 .33 million.
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And we see a reduction down to 3544 metric tons, which is significant.
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So we see an overall significant reduction.
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The cap and trade program was very effective in reducing between 1990 and 2014 the amount of sulfur overall in Massachusetts. than others.
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And so we can look at those counties
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and make a determination of the levels of reduction from these periods of time from 1990 to 1996,
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from 1996, 1997, so on and so forth, and look at how those reductions.
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We can see there were substantial overall reductions between 1990 and 2014,
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but the question is, what does the path look like between these years where the measurements were made, and what does the path look like in relationship to that?
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relating these counties to what we have identified as Bristol County
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as our low socioeconomic status community these are the five counties within Massachusetts
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that have the largest relatively large levels we excluded Suffolk County for various reasons
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but it was basically done within between 1990 and 1996 but
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which had the largest levels and we can see distribution patterns
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and compare them honestly between each other of these five counties over the period of time
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The reason Bristol County is chosen as our low socioeconomic status or the community, the relative community with disproportionality is because relative to the other,
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counties as you can see here in the scatter plots you
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can see the other counties bristol county shows relative to its amount of emissions here the tons of sulfur emissions
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and we can look at a certain demographics that we're able to get which includes population unemployment rate percent below poverty
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and percent of high school graduate or higher.
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We see the Bristol County basically contains these demographic indicators in terms of overall poverty level,
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overall percentage relative to the other counties.
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Bristol County has higher emissions, relative to the other counties, and it tends to be,
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it tends to have higher unemployment rates and lower education rates, the things that you would indicate to be a low socioeconomic status community in relationship to these other areas.
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So that's why Bristol County ends up being our county of choice.
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And so when we sort of look at these distribution patterns over time of those years that we discussed,
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1990, 96, 97, so these years where the EPA inventory looked at the sulfur emissions, we can see we have substantial reductions,
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relatively speaking, and including Bristol County, which I think, excuse me, which we can see here in the yellow Bristol County's reductions.
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here.
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So effectively what's happening is that the burden, if you think about it this way, as you're reducing sulfur emissions, if you're not doing technological advances,
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if you're not going to put in expensive scrubbers to remove the sulfur, you're probably going to start shutting down and transitioning from coal to other methods of generating electricity,
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where most of the sulfur emissions come from is the burning of coal.
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And so what's happening is the other counties that That's Bristol County.
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They're either shutting down or they're reducing pretty substantially within about a decade or so,
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and Bristol County is taking the sort of brunt of that.
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So if there's a need for still generating electricity using coal, relatively speaking, a cheap version for the state.
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writ large that you're going to see Bristol County.
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The evidence shows that Bristol County did not have the same rates in between these years in particular, the same rates of reductions.
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And you can see that
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if you look at Massachusetts here in the green relative to Massachusetts reductions relative to Bristol County, its reductions.
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You see again, there's this burden
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that Bristol County seems to be taking on relative to the
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rest of the state in terms of maintaining a certain level of emissions.
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What that means effectively if we look at this is that the cap and trade can be effective at pollution reduction.
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It certainly was in Massachusetts.
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It was nationally, you know, in terms of reducing emissions significantly sulfur, which carries all kinds of important implications,
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but cap sets mandatory target.
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which is important because you can lower the cap every year, every period of time.
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And then the trade allows for important market incentives and choice.
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So it allows for a lot of room in terms of how generators, those that burn sulfur, coal, that contain sulfur, how they're going to meet that objective.
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But the process is far from equal.
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And that's what the evidence shows us in this study.
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So the evidence is the burden of reduction tends to fall disproportionately on marginalized communities.
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In our case, Bristol County bore most of the burden of reducing.
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It same reduction, the same levels of reduction as the other communities.
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And so that's an important point for the trade portion, at least, because it's not equal amongst communities.
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And so we must understand this reality when we're thinking about policy design and implementation.
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We must look beyond the ultimate goals and see how the process of obtaining those goals, what happens along the way.
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And that's really important to think about from a policy standpoint when we thinking about the role of environmental policies.
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That's all.
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I hope you enjoyed.
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Thank you very much.
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Thank you.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione di livello C1 si basa sul video “IASNR 2022 Conference Presentation”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: reduction, emission, cap, communities, county. Questo video contiene 117 frasi e 1669 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 11:06. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 150 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Il 83% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese; conviene studiare le altre prima di iniziare.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
Le 15 parole più avanzate del video, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| sulfur sostantivo | /ˈsʌl.fə/ | zolfo |
| demographic aggettivo | /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/ | demografico |
| diminish verbo | /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/ | diminuire, ridurre |
| derive verbo | /dɪˈɹaɪv/ | derivare |
| implication sostantivo | /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/ | implicazione, risvolto |
| standpoint sostantivo | /ˈstændpɔɪnt/ | punto di vista |
| mandate sostantivo | /ˈmændeɪ̯t/ | mandato |
| characteristic sostantivo | /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/ | caratteristica |
| marginalize verbo | /ˈmɑɹdʒɪnəlaɪz/ | emarginare |
| observance sostantivo | /əbˈzɝvəns/ | giorno festivo |
| pollutant sostantivo | /pəˈl(j)uːtənt/ | sostanza inquinante, inquinante |
| proportionality sostantivo | /pɹəpɔɹʃəˈnæləti/ | proporzionalità |
| scatter verbo | /ˈskætɚ/ | disperdersi, disperdere |
| globally avverbio | /ˈɡloʊbəli/ | globalmente |
| nationally avverbio | /ˈnæʃənəli/ | nazionalmente |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| shut down verbo | spegnere |
| end up verbo | andare a finire, finire |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | has been · we've defined · have derived |
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | is reduced · are found · were made |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 14 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come you're, we're, they're. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/, diminish /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/, distributional /ˌdɪs.tɹəˈbjuː.ʃə.nəl/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/, disproportionately /ˈdɪs.pɹəˌpɔɹ.ʃən.ət.li/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: demographic /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/, distributional /ˌdɪs.tɹəˈbjuː.ʃə.nəl/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, disproportionately /ˈdɪs.pɹəˌpɔɹ.ʃən.ət.li/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: demographic /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/, diminish /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/, variance /ˈvæɹ.i.əns/, derive /dɪˈɹaɪv/, standpoint /ˈstændpɔɪnt/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: demographic /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/, variance /ˈvæɹ.i.əns/, standpoint /ˈstændpɔɪnt/, mandate /ˈmændeɪ̯t/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come sulfur, demographic, diminish.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.