Pratica di Shadowing: Sec Growth DataScience staff meeting Sep 14 2022 - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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So it is the SEC, meaning secure and govern, growth and data science, meaning applied ML, ML ops,
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and anti -abuse team meeting.
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That's a big mouthful.
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We might get a better name over time.
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And that's our meeting for September 14th or 15th in APAC.
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And hi, Alan.
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Glad you're here why are you here
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when it's midnight we can talk uh glad you're here don't make
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it happen to come to this meeting since it's really late for you uh
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and so but i'm glad thanks for coming at least once
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so um news and events uh i've got a lot of things on the agenda today
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because of some of this uh so apologies for that
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but i think it's going to go down over time based on feedback
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I'm going to work to do more summarized communications to improve
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the signal to noise ratio in my communications to groups of people, including this group of people.
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This was wrote in for this group, adding more items to our staff meeting agenda, often as read -only, rather than posting to our Slack channel.
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And I am going to be assuming
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that people leaders on the team will attend this meeting or read the notes and not rely on the Slack channel.
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So keep that in mind.
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Let's see.
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B is a read -only item, unless anybody wants to discuss it. and see Phil has.
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Hi, welcome Alan to the meeting.
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I've asked Alan to step in as acting full stack manager for security policies while I hire an EM.
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Alan has graciously accepted this wonderful opportunity.
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So welcome, Alan.
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Thank you.
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I've got the next item as well.
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So anti -abuse is moving product sections from SEC to data science.
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Data science is effectively a rename of the model ops section.
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So data science will include two stages.
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The existing model ops, which has three groups in it, which Mom can talk more about.
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And the anti -abuse stage, which only currently has one group, which is called anti -abuse.
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I think at some point there are plans to split anti -abuse into two groups, but that's not in the near two.
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And we're working through all the changes around that.
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There's lots of workday changes, lots of handbook changes.
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Mon, did you want to say anything more about data science or model ops?
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No, I think for us we just roll up to data science.
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Everything else stays the same.
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We still have the two main groups, applied ML, ML Ops, and then later
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Data Ops as part of it, yeah. So,
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Inee, thanks, Thomas, for continuing to compile and report across all of my teams
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that I'm responsible for in the engineering allocation meeting on error budgets and reliability and security incidents.
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So, really do appreciate that.
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Got to give Neil a high five, too.
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He does half of these now.
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And apologies for the noise
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if I keep asking for what's the story behind what's going on with reliability or error budget stuff.
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Just trying to provide air cover. And apologies, Neil.
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I totally forgot you took half of these since Thomas has been doing it for so long.
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But I appreciate it, Neil.
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I know you volunteered for it and we discussed it, but I just forgot.
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Kind of a thankless role, honestly.
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And I volunteered because of the exposure I get from it.
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It's nice to be part of a different collective group of people.
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I was going to mention, I'll type this in here, but Tiago had set up for container security a bot that weekly,
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I think it's Mondays or like Sunday, will ping the team and ask for a volunteer to go and resource that data.
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And we just enabled it for Threat Insights.
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It's actually pretty sweet and it does all the work for you, Thomas.
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Right?
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We don't have to ping people ourselves.
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So I'll put a note in there for that.
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Pete, F is read only, and Bill, you've got G.
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Yeah, talent assessment.
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So we had an update from Juliana.
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The dates haven't been confirmed yet, but it'll be sometime from mid -October through to December.
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I think eGroup sign -off is expected to be mid -December before everyone goes on holiday.
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They've got a draft timeline in there, but the dates aren't in the handbook yet.
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The big change is we're moving to do it in Workday.
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That's not available yet.
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I haven't seen a demo of it.
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I don't know what.
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questions will be asked but there's an optional self -evaluation which will move into workday and
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the work that we do as managers will also happen in workday
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at the moment some people are using the google doc
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which is listed on the talent assessment page for self -evaluations
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and for the manager work i'd suggest continuing to use those docs until we get access to work day
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and see what the exact differences are.
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H, I, and J are read only unless anybody wants to discuss them.
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Thomas, you got item K.
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Yeah, apologies for the late like live addition to the agenda on this one, but one more note on a change we're rolling out within
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Secure pretty lightweight and that we're establishing a second team within dynamic analysis um
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and so uh issue is there for folks want to play
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that would like to follow along
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or ask any questions about it um for the plan for right
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now is i'm going to be serving as a team to acting em
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and in addition to normally scheduled uh some duties for lack of a better way of putting it
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and so happy to answer any questions that folks have about that I had a quick question.
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We've done the same thing in Threat Insights with Neil and Tiago each having teams.
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What are you going to call your new team or how will you differentiate?
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Was not planning to differentiate it.
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It's just a second team within dynamic analysis.
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We're not creating a new group, which I think is the same pattern that's happening within
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Threat Insights as well.
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It's just two teams.
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I know that there's Tangerine and there's Navy.
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I'm not a tangerine person myself.
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So we'll have to figure it out.
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Yeah, I don't know if there's another tea color, Thomas.
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I struggled with that one.
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That's the theme.
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Tomato.
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I don't know.
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We'll figure it out.
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We'll figure it out.
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We'll figure it out.
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The differentiation, I think the difference between what's happening in Threat Insights
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and within dynamic analysis is that this is a split or long feature category.
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even though we're keeping that we're not superior new group.
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It is there's the distinction is along like who's working on specific feature categories themselves.
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So the the the the where the fracture point is happening is is a little different.
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But the but the approach and effect are the same.
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I hope.
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So on to big rocks and hot issues section.
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I don't know if it's a big rock, but kind of long here perhaps more than that.
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So I did
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that survey where you got an awesome response rate from the team on how to improve the MR rate for the team.
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And then I took a really long time to go through all the results and summarize and make initial recommendations.
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So I lost a little bit of momentum.
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I got caught up in other things like cross -functional prioritization and the customer escalation.
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So since then, this is actually used by John Hope to lead a discussion
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at the development offsite last week on just improving engineering velocity is one of the things he used to power it.
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So it had value there.
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But I've seen no comments, I think, from anybody in this group, which means either no time forgot about it or it doesn't,
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we looked at it and it doesn't have much value.
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And any of those things are okay.
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I'm just curious where the group landed.
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And if you haven't taken a look yet to see
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if there's anything you want to take away from it on things you might want to consider, I'm asking you to do so and to consider,
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not to do, but to consider.
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Anybody got a chance to read it yet and think about it or not just yet?
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My guess is perhaps everybody's really busy and they haven't left yet.
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I mean at a high level
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Jay, Neil, Tiago we've talked about changes.
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I think Jay you've already looked at some changes around refinement
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that was an area that you were going to look at for anti -abuse
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and report back by the end of the quarter.
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Tiago and Neil I can't remember what where we ended up with for threat insights.
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Yeah I'm hoping that MR rate is kind of an artifact or byproduct of some other actions.
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The big thing we're doing is more whole type of work, like random miscellaneous, not schedule, not PM necessarily actions or issues.
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And that actually is creating some more additional work.
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Like it's just like free time work.
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I want to change of pace, move to something else momentarily.
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And these are generally smaller types of issues too.
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So they're quicker to knock out.
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Therefore they create more MRs, which has been a cool byproduct.
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So I think that's helping us succeed there.
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Yeah, we're also seeing some success with, we've implemented like a weekly refinement meeting,
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kind of check in, make sure that stories are broken down tiny enough.
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I think with smaller bits of work, we're seeing a higher MR rate.
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It's debatable whether or not that's like just inflated, right?
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Like you can work on a small piece of code
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and ship it and you can do
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that a lot of times you're going to get a higher MR rate we're trying to be reasonable with
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that um I am noticing a nice tick up uh after implementing the refinement meeting so let's hope for the best
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I was going to say one note on refinements um in static analysis
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we're experimenting with the new section in our planning feature, which is called looking forward.
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And in there, we're using that as like a baseline where we add issues
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that we think need refinement that will most likely be worked on in the next one to three milestones.
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So we're using that as kind of a base cover for some engineer to go in
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and add their issues and make sure they get refined within this milestone, not necessarily any implementation, but just refinement itself.
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I should stop talking on mute.
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Thank you, Omar.
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Thomas, you want to verbalize your comment?
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Yeah, I'll verbalize and then I'll say more
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and then I'll finish writing what I was going to put down underneath it in just a moment.
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So this was an agenda item with the EMS
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and I can say it now in the secure stage since that is the analyzer teams now.
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So this was a topic yesterday.
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So I would assume that this is more like I had a chance to read but not digest the content.
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And what I was about to write, and I am cautious in saying this because it almost comes across as smug,
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and that is not my intent.
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In that, looking at the MR rate within SEC compared to company -wide,
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historically it runs two to three MRs per engineer per month higher.
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And I think a good bit of that has to do with the, I mean, we've taken this to be true,
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or at least asserted it to be true in
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that it's smaller teams that are working closely together in less busy projects than we see within the Rails platform itself,
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which does have an impact.
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It's, that's not to say that we cannot do better, but the comparison and the favorable comparison,
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at least to me, and I will admit this, at times will lessen the urgency on this particular topic.
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And I have to admit that bias that I have.
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Thanks, Thomas.
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Thanks, everyone.
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So I didn't see any comments on the issue, but that's totally fine.
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People found some of it useful, some of the analysis useful, and that's great.
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So I will close the issue accordingly
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and just link to these notes good stuff thomas
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you've got item b okay i'll write after this then all right fed ramp
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and the can't or won't fix security issues
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that way maybe we may be having there's uh so we've got um uh
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the for security issues that are subject to fed ramp
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if we if you have a feature category that is fips compliant
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or certified you're probably going to be part of the fed ramp evaluation
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and any security issue that has a CVE associated with it, which means dependency or container scanning specifically, has to have a remediation plan,
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even if they're false positives.
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And so that's led to a separate discussion on what do we need to do for,
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do we need to do anything related to security findings on the commercial versions of analyzers specifically?
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That was the catalyst for this particular conversation
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because on container scanning we get a lot of findings related to debian based images
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that that project has not shipped a fix for or won't fix ship a fix for
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so there is a separate thread that is going on here about what to do
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and can we do deviation requests in bulk for this class
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of for this for this class of um of findings um the the tldr is below.
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And there's a couple of options that are being brainstormed within this particular thread.
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So I wanted, and I know I've said a lot of words and I didn't say it well,
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but I wanted to bring it here in case there was any questions or commentary.
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Nothing directly related to what you've just talked about, but but sort of related for FedRAMP,
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you're looking at any FIPS related security issues that have been raised.
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How far are you going in terms of auditing to find anything that hasn't already been identified?
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There is, I'll link in another issue, a separate issue
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that has instructions from AppSec on what they would like us to do as far as setting up container scanning.
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And they have set up a project with a single configuration that they're asking us to use.
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There is some debate as to how that project has been configured
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because it uses a combination of three container scanning tools rather than one.
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And so they've asked us to use that as a baseline for the FIPS images specifically,
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since they're UBI or the UBI specific images.
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they're they're equivalent in my mind even though they're they're they're different meanings
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so tld out talk to appsec got
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it nakil nakil george is our stable counterpart of folks don't know at least in sec um
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and so he's been quite responsive and keen
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and he is also helping chase down answers when uh
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when he doesn't have them so uh that's a big uh he's been he's been a big help thus far Yeah.
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So in, thanks for bringing this up, Thomas.
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So in the hallway, so from the development staff meeting,
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I copied and pasted the notes in there,
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but net is the TLDR is can folks,
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the request to me and my peers was can folks check with their teams to see if the approvals are affecting them.
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So this is the new approval rules on segregation of duties.
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So last this group, not that everybody's here, but in the group and they shouldn't be because all meetings are optional,
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but has this had an impact, these new approval rules?
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Anecdotally, I've seen a few cases where team members have realized that they need to get an additional approval,
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but I'm not aware that it's actually slowing things down.
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Okay.
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No news is good news on this probably, unless it's happening and we're not noticing it.
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We're just slowing things down, but just keep an eye on it in case it does.
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Everyone, please.
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It's good stuff.
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With recent changes, we've done a couple of different changes with secure, govern, broken out from secure,
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and a data ops team, and this and that.
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I just compared the name of my team with my peers.
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My peers have one word team names, ops, dev, create, et cetera.
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Mine is growth and data science, which is pretty wordy.
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It also makes sense that when I go into dashboards, I have to pull data from multiple places across my teams.
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So I was thinking about a one word name.
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I've started to get feedback on it.
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Naming things is really important at GitLab to name the right kinds of things and give them good names.
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So I'm going to run it by David DeSanto tomorrow.
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He's a great person to bounce such things off of.
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I landed on enrichment because what we do makes other things better.
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We enrich them.
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It's kind of a very broad term, but it does cover what we do.
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Not sure we're going to change the name, which I'm not sure it's going to affect anyone but me.
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That's actually my intent is it only affects my stuff,
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not everyone else's, but at least everyone else's in a small way or others in a small way, but we'll see.
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Any thoughts on this?
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Good idea, bad idea?
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I'm not wed to this, I'm looking for feedback.
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Yeah, obviously the other examples relate to either sections or stages, whereas enrichment doesn't.
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So you'd be introducing something new here.
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This affects me as well.
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I have a subset of enrichment, so it would be kind of enrichment light?
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I'm not sure.
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I'm not sure we'll, I think you and I have spoken about this.
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I'm not sure we would get approval to introduce a new name or department level.
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We'd certainly have to talk to people ops about introducing that in Workday.
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Okay.
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Okay.
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So a couple of things, you know, these kinds of things I would sometimes put in Slack,
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but I'm trying to avoid a number of distinct Slack messages.
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So putting it in here, making a lot read -only when possible.
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So I've got C though, which is not read -only.
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So I would like to add announcements of work anniversaries and new hires to the meeting template.
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PM does this.
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I attended the PM staff meeting.
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I was a guest speaker there this week.
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And like the camaraderie, we have good camaraderie.
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The camaraderie there was pretty good.
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You know, Fern, who's shadowing me today, I think he sat in on the PM meeting as well.
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It was a pretty good feel of just people really knowing each other well and getting along well.
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So those are just two things I took away from it, is anniversaries and new hires.
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I'll verbalize Tiago's comment.
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Great idea for new hires.
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Don't care much about work anniversaries.
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We already have a bot for that.
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What I'd say is I always seem to miss the bot announcements
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as they cover the whole company versus Abad just announcing for our team.
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If no interest in that part, I'm happy to exclude.
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So Neil, you like the idea of adding such a great anniversary or you don't?
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I mean, just last week, I think it was Phil celebrated his third year and I congratulated him,
289
but then I missed another team member in SEC.
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You know, because there's like 20 people on that list.
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Plus it's team member updates.
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That's not a channel I look at a lot, like weekly.
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I just happen to see that the day of.
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So I do like being able to celebrate together in this group.
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Maybe also a thanks or praise section.
296
Like, thanks for doing this.
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Great job on that.
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To remind ourselves to do that.
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And as engineers, we tend to focus on the problems and challenges and not the celebrating the wins.
300
Are you suggesting that we add new content into this document for that, or that we just link to the Slack announcements that we've already made.
301
I think it's nice to verbalize them.
302
So maybe link to the Slack announcements, but also verbalize it.
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I know it sounds like a bunch of busy work.
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I don't want to do things twice.
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Maybe we add the sections and people use them as they see fit, whatever that happens to be.
306
But please don't create busy work for yourself either.
307
So judgment call by each person.
308
Thomas, it looks like you had a Thomas and Mon, you had some thoughts on this too.
309
Yeah, I like it.
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We don't celebrate enough.
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We don't do enough for team cohesion, team celebration across the board.
312
And just as a corollary related thing that I haven't communicated well,
313
I was hoping to add this kind of thing to our monthly section -wide retrospectives new hires, discretionary bonuses, work anniversaries, big feature releases.
314
I mean, anything that we want to announce and celebrate, we ought to make sure that it's, I don't want to say shout to the rooftops,
315
or shout to the heavens, but they're big deals and we don't make, and we undersell, in my opinion.
316
Yeah.
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Oh, sorry.
318
And hey, Fernando here.
319
So I'm shadowing Wayne now just to introduce myself.
320
from the technical marketing team.
321
And I'll send the document right now, which is something that we do for our kind of get together team meetings.
322
And it kind of shows you can you can look through it.
323
I shared it to everyone on the Zoom chat, but you can see that we provide updates, the new team members and small little introductions.
324
And you can see sections that we have on gratitude and actual spotlights that we show like who we're actually praising, what they've done that's good,
325
and how we can highlight that because that will motivate employees, kind of really increase that morale because what we're seeing is
326
these employees are actually getting recognized for good work that they've done and they're getting shout outs because a lot of times,
327
at least in our team, the case is we don't really, although we work with each other, we sometimes are kind of siloed,
328
busy working on different things.
329
So it's good to know what everyone's working on and what everyone's doing.
330
So somewhat related to what you were just speaking on, but just thought I'd share that.
331
Thanks, Fernando.
332
In D, so I'm not going to read all of this from Daniel Croft,
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but summarizing, he is looking for feedback on the development vision and mission and direction.
334
We're brainstorming in the development department.
335
on Mission Envision in particular.
336
The approach is we want everybody to open up a little spreadsheet and follow the instructions, anybody interested.
337
So if you're interested in doing so, it should take about 10 to 15 minutes.
338
Please do it in the next week.
339
Good stuff there.
340
Something we covered also at the development offsite that Daniel took as an action item to follow up on.
341
Thomas, you've got E.
342
Yep.
343
All right.
344
Because I cannot remember.
345
And so I'm hoping to crowdsource a little bit of configuration archaeology, so to speak.
346
Is there a reason that we don't use reviewer roulette? If folks can remember.
347
The reason I'm asking is contained within that thread.
348
But that is a tool that actually is being used to track if we have enough maintainers on any given project.
349
And since we don't use it, we're showing up.
350
and so that's why I was that's why I'm asking
351
when you say reviewer roulette are you talking about on the individual analyzers yeah
352
speaking only for dash we haven't had a need for it because we have
353
six engineers that's just going to roulette the same six people
354
yeah rule a six sided die that's what I kind of think it is but it's
355
from a larger like if the company like where do we need more maintainers is the question that the organization is asking.
356
I mean I'd suggest they're looking in the wrong place if they're looking in roulette
357
to see to find out the number of maintainers
358
that's the wrong place the engineering projects page should list all the maintainers
359
if you set up your team yaml entries correctly I would have thought that was more than single source of truth.
360
apparently not so yeah
361
yeah I'm looking at the chart I mean
362
I think on some of these projects we just haven't filled
363
it out um I'll give you like we have the API um like hub fuzz we have one engineer
364
that works on it uh so we haven't gone
365
and added a maintainer there because they know who they are um
366
so if we trying to maintain
367
that as a single source of truth we need to just go through and scrub it
368
sorry seth i'm reminded
369
i'm reminded of the spider -man meme with the two
370
spider -men pointing at each other who's the reviewer who's the author it's it's the same person
371
it's been it's been a long day so i'm a little punchy so but yes that makes sense
372
so seth are you saying you you haven't added it to individual team members yaml files in the handbook yet.
373
Right.
374
I believe for that one, there's just no entry for it.
375
I mean, we could.
376
I think if you do that, that should do it.
377
Yeah.
378
Well, it should.
379
They shouldn't be using just roulette.
380
They should be using that as a source of trades.
381
And I think if you've listed maintainers, that should cover it.
382
A follow -up question would be, does that cover the senior plus engineers must be a maintainer requirement or not?
383
Thomas, you buried the lead.
384
I took the read only off your comment there so you can announce it.
385
Well, we're going to end with the best news of the day.
386
That's all.
387
But the maintainer requirement, yes, it does.
388
I mean, because it's required for senior plus, going back to that, is just maintaining one or more,
389
I think, is the requirement, if I remember correctly.
390
so i was talking about the olivier news yeah i know
391
i was just making sure we were finished with the topic above all right
392
and we're at time so i will move on and take
393
that as a prompt yeah olivier has uh popped back on slack to announce
394
that the newest edition of their family is here
395
and happened over the weekend uh so uh uh so uh big big congrats to his family for that and uh
396
We'll be hoping to celebrate him later when he returns to work.
397
Google, thanks everybody.
398
Have a great day.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “Sec Growth DataScience staff meeting Sep 14 2022”. Questo video contiene 398 frasi e 4517 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 28:58. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 156 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Il 83% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese; conviene studiare le altre prima di iniziare.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| slack aggettivo | /slæk/ | allentato |
| hire verbo | /ˈhaɪɹ/ | assoldare, noleggiare |
| insight sostantivo | /ˈɪnsaɪ̯t/ | introspezione, approfondimento |
| container sostantivo | /kənˈteɪ.nəɹ/ | contenitore, recipiente |
| introduce verbo | /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/ | presentare |
| feedback sostantivo | /ˈfiːdˌbæk/ | valutazione, riscontro |
| announcement sostantivo | /əˈnaʊns.mənt/ | annuncio |
| agenda sostantivo | /əˈd͡ʒɛn.də/ | agenda |
| announce verbo | /əˈnaʊn(t)s/ | annunciare, segnalare |
| scan verbo | /skæn/ | scrutare |
| apology sostantivo | /əˈpɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | apologia, scuse |
| enrichment sostantivo | /ɪnˈɹɪt͡ʃ.mənt/ | arricchimento (1,2) |
| topic sostantivo | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | tema, categoria |
| thread sostantivo | /ˈθɹɛd/ | filo, refe |
| remind verbo | /ɹəˈmaɪnd/ | ricordare |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| set up verbo | /ˌsɛt ˈʌp/ | preparare, installare |
| go through verbo | attraversare | |
| come across verbo | dare l'impressione, avere l'aria | |
| find out verbo | scoprire | |
| get along verbo | andare d'accordo, ingranare | |
| open up verbo | aprire | |
| sign off verbo | disconnettersi, autorizzare |
Frasi da ripetere
Frasi brevi e complete del video che puoi riutilizzare nella conversazione di tutti i giorni:
- I've got the next item as well.
- We don't have to ping people ourselves.
- I haven't seen a demo of it.
- Thomas, you want to verbalize your comment?
- Is there a reason that we don't use reviewer roulette?
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | I've asked · haven't been confirmed · haven't seen |
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | is called · is read · been confirmed |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | ops, which has · group, which is · evaluation which will |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 159 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come I'm, we're, don't. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “th”: thread /ˈθɹɛd/, underneath /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: shout /ʃaʊt/, shadow /ˈʃædəʊ̯/, evaluation /ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃn̩/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, configuration /kənˌfɪɡ.əˈɹeɪ̯.ʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: apology /əˈpɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, evaluation /ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃn̩/, configuration /kənˌfɪɡ.əˈɹeɪ̯.ʃən/, differentiate /dɪf.əˈɹɛn.ʃi.eɪt/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: hire /ˈhaɪɹ/, handbook /ˈhændˌbʊk/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, highlight /ˈhaɪˌlaɪt/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: slack /slæk/, insight /ˈɪnsaɪ̯t/, introduce /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/, feedback /ˈfiːdˌbæk/, announcement /əˈnaʊns.mənt/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: slack /slæk/, feedback /ˈfiːdˌbæk/, scan /skæn/, dynamic /daɪˈnæm.ɪk/, handbook /ˈhændˌbʊk/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come slack, hire, insight.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.