Shadowing Practice: Innate Immune System: Simple Overview (Classification, General Factors) - Immunology - Learn English Speaking with Video
Les maken...
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Hello and welcome to another video.
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This video is mainly going to be about the innate immune system.
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Now, your immune system uses two main strategies to defeat any type of unwanted invaders.
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One of the strategies is called the innate immune system and the other one is called the acquired immune system.
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The innate immune system is mainly present since birth and is therefore sometimes also called the natural immune system.
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While the acquired, however, forms during a person's lifetime and is therefore sometimes also called the adaptive.
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Now just remember that the baby also has some type of acquired immune system.
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I just put the baby there to show you that you've always had the innate immune system ever since you were born.
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So now let's put this to practice.
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Imagine we have three different types of bacteria, right?
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The innate immune system is what we call non-specific because it actually works against any type of agents equally.
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The adaptive however works very specific as you see right here.
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And not only that, upon defeating the bacteria, you gain some kind of immunological memory,
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which usually becomes enhanced upon repeated exposure to the same agents.
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The innate immunity doesn't really have that.
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And so let's see how that works.
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We mainly classify the innate immune system into three different types.
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The first is what we call general factors.
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And we've got the cellular factors and also factors and humoral factors.
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The general factors include physiological barriers at the portal of entry like the skin and mucous membranes.
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And they're usually, analogically enough, the first line of defense.
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Next we have the pyrogenic reactions.
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Now don't get scared if you haven't heard this term before.
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I'll get more into this later when I talk about the macrophages mainly.
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pyrogenic reactions often referred to as fever.
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Some viruses and bacterias cannot really replicate optimally because the body changes its temperature.
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So that's why we called it the general factors because it works generally by increasing the temperature.
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Another general factors are secretion.
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You know, secretion of different enzymes, fatty acids.
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The cellular Some of the factors are your own microbiota fighting for space in food.
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Phagocytosis by cells like neutrophils and macrophages.
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They do that by the different receptors they have on the surface.
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We also got natural killer cells.
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They're really important for the antiviral immune response.
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These cells can bind to the surface of antigens by using toll-like receptors, which usually lead to inflammatory response.
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Humeral factors which include the complement system and the interference.
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Now I know this seems a lot but trust me it all gets logical once you understand the concepts.
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In my opinion
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if you want to learn immunology properly you need to understand
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the different parts individually before you can understand the whole concept together in a system.
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And that's what I'm aiming to show you, everything individually first and then put them all together and show you how this works in a system system.
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Alright, so in this video I'm mainly going to focus on the general factors
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because those are really important factors to start with when you want to understand immunology.
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Now imagine these are your epithelial cells.
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Let's say this is your skin for example.
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The first one includes physical barrier where bacteria cannot really enter because of the tight junctions these cells really have.
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Another mechanism is when the bacteria can't enter because of secreted products,
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could be free fatty acids released by your gastrointestinal tract or enzymes released at the mucous membrane.
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So let's do it like that.
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In the saliva, sweat glands and tears we have something called lysozyme
51
which once secreted out they break down the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall.
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Next you know the gastrointestinal tract?
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You got some cells in the walls of your stomach called parietal and chief cells.
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Chief cells can release pepsin which breaks down the proteins of certain bacteria.
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And parietal cells mainly release hydrochloric acid for lowering the pH.
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We can also have defensins in the gastrointestinal tract.
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The list goes on and on.
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The point is that we secrete out quite a lot of substances as a part of our general innate immunity.
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Some bacteria can actually get through all of this mess without even getting hurt, and those are the bacteria that usually make us sick.
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Alright, so what else do we have?
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You know the normal microbiota you have in your body?
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They actually protect you by making a hard environment for the foreign bacteria to grow in, by taking up space in food for example.
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So that's mainly the general factors I wanted to talk about.
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Now from the cellular factors, we've already talked about the microbiota, limiting the pathogenic bacteria from growing.
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In my next video we will look at what toleric receptors are and how phagocytosis happens in details and steps in inflammation.
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Natural killer cells has a cytotoxic mechanism
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and I feel like it's more logical to talk about it later
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when I talk about the cellular immune response as it kind of fits more there.
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Alright, so let's look at these.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles op niveau C1 is gebaseerd op de video “Innate Immune System: Simple Overview (Classification, General Factors) - Immunology”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: factors, immune, cell, bacteria, innate. Deze video bevat 69 zinnen en 865 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 5:09. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 168 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. Slechts 80% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| bacterium zelfstandig naamwoord | /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/ | bacterie |
| innate bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ɪˈneɪt/ | aangeboren |
| cellular bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈsɛl.ju.lə/ | cellulair, cel- |
| gastrointestinal bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˌɡæstɹoʊɪnˈtɛstɪnəl/ | gastro-intestinaal |
| tract zelfstandig naamwoord | /tɹækt/ | gebied |
| immunology zelfstandig naamwoord | immunologie | |
| macrophage zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈmækɹɔʊː.feɪd͡ʒ/ | macrofaag |
| phagocytosis zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌfeɪ.ɡoʊ.saɪˈtoʊ.sɪs/ | fagocytose |
| secretion zelfstandig naamwoord | /sɪˈkriːʃ(ə)n/ | secretie |
| adaptive bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /əˈdæp.tɪv/ | adaptief |
| enzyme zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɛn.zaɪm/ | enzym |
| immunity zelfstandig naamwoord | /ɪˈmjuːnəti/ | immuniteit |
| antigen zelfstandig naamwoord | antigeen | |
| classify werkwoord | /ˈklæs.əˌfaɪ/ | rangschikken, classificeren |
| immunological bijvoeglijk naamwoord | immunologisch |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Betekenis |
|---|---|
| break down werkwoord | stukgaan, kapot gaan |
Zinnen om te herhalen
Korte, volledige zinnen uit de video die je in alledaagse gesprekken kunt gebruiken:
- Let's say this is your skin for example.
- Next you know the gastrointestinal tract?
- Alright, so what else do we have?
- You know the normal microbiota you have in your body?
- Alright, so let's look at these.
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt | haven't heard · we've already talked |
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | is called · were born |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 12 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals I'm, they're, we've. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: secretion /sɪˈkriːʃ(ə)n/, inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, junction /ˈd͡ʒʌŋkʃən/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: gastrointestinal /ˌɡæstɹoʊɪnˈtɛstɪnəl/, parietal /pəˈɹaɪ.ə.təl/, phagocytosis /ˌfeɪ.ɡoʊ.saɪˈtoʊ.sɪs/, individually /ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒ(u)əli/, immunity /ɪˈmjuːnəti/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: macrophage /ˈmækɹɔʊː.feɪd͡ʒ/, adaptive /əˈdæp.tɪv/, bind /ˈbaɪ̯nd/, unwanted /ʌnˈwɒntɪd/
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: bacterium /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/, gastrointestinal /ˌɡæstɹoʊɪnˈtɛstɪnəl/, tract /tɹækt/, macrophage /ˈmækɹɔʊː.feɪd͡ʒ/, adaptive /əˈdæp.tɪv/
- /g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: gastrointestinal /ˌɡæstɹoʊɪnˈtɛstɪnəl/, phagocytosis /ˌfeɪ.ɡoʊ.saɪˈtoʊ.sɪs/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als bacterium, innate, cellular.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.