シャドーイング練習: Innate Immune System: Simple Overview (Classification, General Factors) - Immunology - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
レッスンを作成中...
1
Hello and welcome to another video.
2
This video is mainly going to be about the innate immune system.
3
Now, your immune system uses two main strategies to defeat any type of unwanted invaders.
4
One of the strategies is called the innate immune system and the other one is called the acquired immune system.
5
The innate immune system is mainly present since birth and is therefore sometimes also called the natural immune system.
6
While the acquired, however, forms during a person's lifetime and is therefore sometimes also called the adaptive.
7
Now just remember that the baby also has some type of acquired immune system.
8
I just put the baby there to show you that you've always had the innate immune system ever since you were born.
9
So now let's put this to practice.
10
Imagine we have three different types of bacteria, right?
11
The innate immune system is what we call non-specific because it actually works against any type of agents equally.
12
The adaptive however works very specific as you see right here.
13
And not only that, upon defeating the bacteria, you gain some kind of immunological memory,
14
which usually becomes enhanced upon repeated exposure to the same agents.
15
The innate immunity doesn't really have that.
16
And so let's see how that works.
17
We mainly classify the innate immune system into three different types.
18
The first is what we call general factors.
19
And we've got the cellular factors and also factors and humoral factors.
20
The general factors include physiological barriers at the portal of entry like the skin and mucous membranes.
21
And they're usually, analogically enough, the first line of defense.
22
Next we have the pyrogenic reactions.
23
Now don't get scared if you haven't heard this term before.
24
I'll get more into this later when I talk about the macrophages mainly.
25
pyrogenic reactions often referred to as fever.
26
Some viruses and bacterias cannot really replicate optimally because the body changes its temperature.
27
So that's why we called it the general factors because it works generally by increasing the temperature.
28
Another general factors are secretion.
29
You know, secretion of different enzymes, fatty acids.
30
The cellular Some of the factors are your own microbiota fighting for space in food.
31
Phagocytosis by cells like neutrophils and macrophages.
32
They do that by the different receptors they have on the surface.
33
We also got natural killer cells.
34
They're really important for the antiviral immune response.
35
These cells can bind to the surface of antigens by using toll-like receptors, which usually lead to inflammatory response.
36
Humeral factors which include the complement system and the interference.
37
Now I know this seems a lot but trust me it all gets logical once you understand the concepts.
38
In my opinion
39
if you want to learn immunology properly you need to understand
40
the different parts individually before you can understand the whole concept together in a system.
41
And that's what I'm aiming to show you, everything individually first and then put them all together and show you how this works in a system system.
42
Alright, so in this video I'm mainly going to focus on the general factors
43
because those are really important factors to start with when you want to understand immunology.
44
Now imagine these are your epithelial cells.
45
Let's say this is your skin for example.
46
The first one includes physical barrier where bacteria cannot really enter because of the tight junctions these cells really have.
47
Another mechanism is when the bacteria can't enter because of secreted products,
48
could be free fatty acids released by your gastrointestinal tract or enzymes released at the mucous membrane.
49
So let's do it like that.
50
In the saliva, sweat glands and tears we have something called lysozyme
51
which once secreted out they break down the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall.
52
Next you know the gastrointestinal tract?
53
You got some cells in the walls of your stomach called parietal and chief cells.
54
Chief cells can release pepsin which breaks down the proteins of certain bacteria.
55
And parietal cells mainly release hydrochloric acid for lowering the pH.
56
We can also have defensins in the gastrointestinal tract.
57
The list goes on and on.
58
The point is that we secrete out quite a lot of substances as a part of our general innate immunity.
59
Some bacteria can actually get through all of this mess without even getting hurt, and those are the bacteria that usually make us sick.
60
Alright, so what else do we have?
61
You know the normal microbiota you have in your body?
62
They actually protect you by making a hard environment for the foreign bacteria to grow in, by taking up space in food for example.
63
So that's mainly the general factors I wanted to talk about.
64
Now from the cellular factors, we've already talked about the microbiota, limiting the pathogenic bacteria from growing.
65
In my next video we will look at what toleric receptors are and how phagocytosis happens in details and steps in inflammation.
66
Natural killer cells has a cytotoxic mechanism
67
and I feel like it's more logical to talk about it later
68
when I talk about the cellular immune response as it kind of fits more there.
69
Alright, so let's look at these.
📺 同じチャンネル
B22
YouTube Saved My Medical Career | A Cinematic Short Film
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Cerebral Cortex (Function, Covering, Lobes, Sulcus, Gyrus, Fissures) | Anatomy
University StudentsWorking Adults
C1Liver Anatomy (Function, Topography, External Structures, Ligaments)
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
✨ おすすめ動画
C17
159 文
Introduction to the immune system
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1155 文
Carbon... SO SIMPLE: Crash Course Biology #1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C18
103 文
Physiology Chapter 1 | Introduction to Physiology & Homeostasis Explained
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
34 文
Genetic Engineering and Diseases – Gene Drive & Malaria
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
116 文
TB - mycobacterium tuberculosis شرح عربي
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
186 文
Embryology of the Nervous System
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
90 文
What Is Intelligence? Where Does it Begin?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
7 文
Clinical Cuts: B-Cell Activation, Differentiation, & Contraction
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C12
41 文
The different types of mutations | Biomolecules | MCAT | Khan Academy
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C18
45 文
Photic sneezing: IELTS LISTENING Vol 4 Test 4 Section 4 (IELTS Listening Recent Actual Test)
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
214 文
The Nervous System Explained Simply | Brain, Neurons & Signals
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
26 文
How do vaccines work?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
このビデオは誰におすすめ？
英語スピーキング練習をしながら、免疫学の基礎知識も身につけたい人にぴったりです。特にIELTSスピーキング対策で専門用語の発音や説明のし方を練習したい方、shadowspeak（シャドースピーク）の素材として使いたい方におすすめです。内容が分かりやすいので、初級から中級レベルの学習者でも楽しく取り組めます。
覚えておきたい単語とフレーズ
- Innate immune system：自然免疫系。「生まれつき備わっている免疫システム」と説明されています。
- Acquired immune system：獲得免疫系。「生涯で形成される免疫システム」のことで、adapted（適応した）とも言い換えられます。
- Nonspecific：非特異的。「どんな侵入者にも同じように働く」という意味で使われています。
- Immunological memory：免疫記憶。「一度戦った病原体を覚えておく能力」を指します。
アクセントと発音のコツ
このビデオのスピーカーはゆっくりとはっきり話すので、shadowing site（シャドーイングサイト）での練習に最適です。特に「physiological barriers」（生理学的バリア）や「peptidoglycan layer」（ペプチドグリカン層）などの長い単語は、分割して発音することが重要です。「phagocytosis」（食作用）のような難しい単語も、スピーカーのリズムに合わせて繰り返し練習すれば覚えられます。また、「however」「therefore」などの接続詞のアクセントを注意深く聞くと、文章の流れがより理解しやすくなります。シャドーイングをする際は、声の高さや抑揚も真似してみてください。
少しずつ繰り返し練習すれば、英語のスピーキング力とともに免疫学の知識も深まります。がんばってください！
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | you've always had · haven't heard · we've already talked |
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | is called · were born |
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。