शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Innate Immune System: Simple Overview (Classification, General Factors) - Immunology - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
पाठ बनाया जा रहा है...
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Hello and welcome to another video.
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This video is mainly going to be about the innate immune system.
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Now, your immune system uses two main strategies to defeat any type of unwanted invaders.
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One of the strategies is called the innate immune system and the other one is called the acquired immune system.
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The innate immune system is mainly present since birth and is therefore sometimes also called the natural immune system.
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While the acquired, however, forms during a person's lifetime and is therefore sometimes also called the adaptive.
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Now just remember that the baby also has some type of acquired immune system.
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I just put the baby there to show you that you've always had the innate immune system ever since you were born.
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So now let's put this to practice.
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Imagine we have three different types of bacteria, right?
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The innate immune system is what we call non-specific because it actually works against any type of agents equally.
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The adaptive however works very specific as you see right here.
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And not only that, upon defeating the bacteria, you gain some kind of immunological memory,
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which usually becomes enhanced upon repeated exposure to the same agents.
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The innate immunity doesn't really have that.
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And so let's see how that works.
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We mainly classify the innate immune system into three different types.
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The first is what we call general factors.
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And we've got the cellular factors and also factors and humoral factors.
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The general factors include physiological barriers at the portal of entry like the skin and mucous membranes.
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And they're usually, analogically enough, the first line of defense.
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Next we have the pyrogenic reactions.
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Now don't get scared if you haven't heard this term before.
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I'll get more into this later when I talk about the macrophages mainly.
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pyrogenic reactions often referred to as fever.
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Some viruses and bacterias cannot really replicate optimally because the body changes its temperature.
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So that's why we called it the general factors because it works generally by increasing the temperature.
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Another general factors are secretion.
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You know, secretion of different enzymes, fatty acids.
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The cellular Some of the factors are your own microbiota fighting for space in food.
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Phagocytosis by cells like neutrophils and macrophages.
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They do that by the different receptors they have on the surface.
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We also got natural killer cells.
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They're really important for the antiviral immune response.
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These cells can bind to the surface of antigens by using toll-like receptors, which usually lead to inflammatory response.
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Humeral factors which include the complement system and the interference.
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Now I know this seems a lot but trust me it all gets logical once you understand the concepts.
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In my opinion
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if you want to learn immunology properly you need to understand
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the different parts individually before you can understand the whole concept together in a system.
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And that's what I'm aiming to show you, everything individually first and then put them all together and show you how this works in a system system.
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Alright, so in this video I'm mainly going to focus on the general factors
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because those are really important factors to start with when you want to understand immunology.
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Now imagine these are your epithelial cells.
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Let's say this is your skin for example.
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The first one includes physical barrier where bacteria cannot really enter because of the tight junctions these cells really have.
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Another mechanism is when the bacteria can't enter because of secreted products,
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could be free fatty acids released by your gastrointestinal tract or enzymes released at the mucous membrane.
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So let's do it like that.
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In the saliva, sweat glands and tears we have something called lysozyme
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which once secreted out they break down the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall.
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Next you know the gastrointestinal tract?
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You got some cells in the walls of your stomach called parietal and chief cells.
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Chief cells can release pepsin which breaks down the proteins of certain bacteria.
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And parietal cells mainly release hydrochloric acid for lowering the pH.
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We can also have defensins in the gastrointestinal tract.
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The list goes on and on.
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The point is that we secrete out quite a lot of substances as a part of our general innate immunity.
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Some bacteria can actually get through all of this mess without even getting hurt, and those are the bacteria that usually make us sick.
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Alright, so what else do we have?
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You know the normal microbiota you have in your body?
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They actually protect you by making a hard environment for the foreign bacteria to grow in, by taking up space in food for example.
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So that's mainly the general factors I wanted to talk about.
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Now from the cellular factors, we've already talked about the microbiota, limiting the pathogenic bacteria from growing.
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In my next video we will look at what toleric receptors are and how phagocytosis happens in details and steps in inflammation.
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Natural killer cells has a cytotoxic mechanism
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and I feel like it's more logical to talk about it later
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when I talk about the cellular immune response as it kind of fits more there.
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Alright, so let's look at these.
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यह वीडियो किसके लिए है?
यह वीडियो उन लोगों के लिए है जो अपने अंग्रेजी भाषा कौशल को निखारना चाहते हैं, खासकर यदि वे विज्ञान या चिकित्सा में रुचि रखते हैं। यदि आप अंग्रेजी में संवाद करने की अपनी क्षमता को बेहतर बनाना चाहते हैं, तो यह वीडियो आपके लिए उपयोगी साबित होगा। यह वीडियो आपको इंगित करने का एक बुनियादी अवलोकन प्रदान करता है कि कैसे जन्मजात प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली कार्य करती है, जिससे आप न केवल विषय की समझ विकसित कर सकें, बल्कि अपने अंग्रेजी शब्दावली में भी सुधार कर सकें।
चोरी करने लायक शब्द और मुहावरे
- जन्मजात प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली (Innate Immune System) - यह प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली जन्म से ही मौजूद होती है और इसे प्राकृतिक प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली भी कहा जाता है।
- विशिष्ट प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली (Acquired Immune System) - यह प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली व्यक्ति के जीवनकाल में विकसित होती है।
- पैरोजेनिक प्रतिक्रियाएँ (Pyrogenic Reactions) - ये प्रतिक्रियाएँ बुखार उत्पन्न करती हैं, जो रोगाणुओं के विकास को रोकने में मदद करती हैं।
- फैगोसाइटोसिस (Phagocytosis) - यह प्रक्रिया होती है जिसमें प्रतिरक्षा कोशिकाएँ विदेशी तत्वों को निगलती हैं।
- स्वाभाविक किलर कोशिकाएँ (Natural Killer Cells) - ये कोशिकाएँ वायरस के खिलाफ प्रतिरक्षा प्रतिक्रिया में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती हैं।
उच्चारण सही कैसे करें
वीडियो में विनम्रता और स्पष्टता से संवाद किया गया है, जो आपके उच्चारण को सुधारने में मदद कर सकता है। जब आप वीडियो देखकर "शैडोइंग" करते हैं, तो आप बोलने की शैली, स्वर और शब्दों के उच्चारण पर ध्यान दे सकते हैं। ध्यान दें कि:
- आपको शब्दों के बीच की रुकावटों को समझने की आवश्यकता है।
- यह महत्वपूर्ण है कि आप बोलने वाले के उच्चारण को सुनें और उसके अनुसार अपनी आवाज को समायोजित करें।
- वीडियो में दिए गए उदाहरणों का अनुसरण करते समय, अपने उच्चारण में सुधार करने के लिए नियमित अभ्यास करें।
इस प्रकार, वीडियो से अंग्रेजी सीखें और अपने अंग्रेजी उच्चारण में सुधार लाने के लिए इसे अपने दैनिक अभ्यास का हिस्सा बनाएं। "शैडोइंग" तकनीक का उपयोग करके आप अपनी संवादात्मक अंग्रेजी को बेहतर बना सकते हैं।
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | you've always had · haven't heard · we've already talked |
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | is called · were born |
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।