Pratique du Shadowing: Innate Immune System: Simple Overview (Classification, General Factors) - Immunology - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
Création de la leçon...
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Hello and welcome to another video.
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This video is mainly going to be about the innate immune system.
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Now, your immune system uses two main strategies to defeat any type of unwanted invaders.
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One of the strategies is called the innate immune system and the other one is called the acquired immune system.
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The innate immune system is mainly present since birth and is therefore sometimes also called the natural immune system.
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While the acquired, however, forms during a person's lifetime and is therefore sometimes also called the adaptive.
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Now just remember that the baby also has some type of acquired immune system.
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I just put the baby there to show you that you've always had the innate immune system ever since you were born.
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So now let's put this to practice.
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Imagine we have three different types of bacteria, right?
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The innate immune system is what we call non-specific because it actually works against any type of agents equally.
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The adaptive however works very specific as you see right here.
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And not only that, upon defeating the bacteria, you gain some kind of immunological memory,
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which usually becomes enhanced upon repeated exposure to the same agents.
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The innate immunity doesn't really have that.
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And so let's see how that works.
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We mainly classify the innate immune system into three different types.
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The first is what we call general factors.
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And we've got the cellular factors and also factors and humoral factors.
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The general factors include physiological barriers at the portal of entry like the skin and mucous membranes.
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And they're usually, analogically enough, the first line of defense.
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Next we have the pyrogenic reactions.
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Now don't get scared if you haven't heard this term before.
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I'll get more into this later when I talk about the macrophages mainly.
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pyrogenic reactions often referred to as fever.
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Some viruses and bacterias cannot really replicate optimally because the body changes its temperature.
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So that's why we called it the general factors because it works generally by increasing the temperature.
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Another general factors are secretion.
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You know, secretion of different enzymes, fatty acids.
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The cellular Some of the factors are your own microbiota fighting for space in food.
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Phagocytosis by cells like neutrophils and macrophages.
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They do that by the different receptors they have on the surface.
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We also got natural killer cells.
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They're really important for the antiviral immune response.
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These cells can bind to the surface of antigens by using toll-like receptors, which usually lead to inflammatory response.
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Humeral factors which include the complement system and the interference.
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Now I know this seems a lot but trust me it all gets logical once you understand the concepts.
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In my opinion
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if you want to learn immunology properly you need to understand
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the different parts individually before you can understand the whole concept together in a system.
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And that's what I'm aiming to show you, everything individually first and then put them all together and show you how this works in a system system.
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Alright, so in this video I'm mainly going to focus on the general factors
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because those are really important factors to start with when you want to understand immunology.
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Now imagine these are your epithelial cells.
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Let's say this is your skin for example.
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The first one includes physical barrier where bacteria cannot really enter because of the tight junctions these cells really have.
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Another mechanism is when the bacteria can't enter because of secreted products,
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could be free fatty acids released by your gastrointestinal tract or enzymes released at the mucous membrane.
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So let's do it like that.
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In the saliva, sweat glands and tears we have something called lysozyme
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which once secreted out they break down the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall.
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Next you know the gastrointestinal tract?
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You got some cells in the walls of your stomach called parietal and chief cells.
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Chief cells can release pepsin which breaks down the proteins of certain bacteria.
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And parietal cells mainly release hydrochloric acid for lowering the pH.
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We can also have defensins in the gastrointestinal tract.
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The list goes on and on.
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The point is that we secrete out quite a lot of substances as a part of our general innate immunity.
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Some bacteria can actually get through all of this mess without even getting hurt, and those are the bacteria that usually make us sick.
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Alright, so what else do we have?
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You know the normal microbiota you have in your body?
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They actually protect you by making a hard environment for the foreign bacteria to grow in, by taking up space in food for example.
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So that's mainly the general factors I wanted to talk about.
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Now from the cellular factors, we've already talked about the microbiota, limiting the pathogenic bacteria from growing.
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In my next video we will look at what toleric receptors are and how phagocytosis happens in details and steps in inflammation.
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Natural killer cells has a cytotoxic mechanism
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and I feel like it's more logical to talk about it later
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when I talk about the cellular immune response as it kind of fits more there.
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Alright, so let's look at these.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « Innate Immune System: Simple Overview (Classification, General Factors) - Immunology ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : factors, immune, cell, bacteria, innate. Cette vidéo contient 69 phrases et 865 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 5:09. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 168 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 80 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| bacterium nom | /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/ | bactérie |
| innate adjectif | /ɪˈneɪt/ | inné |
| cellular adjectif | /ˈsɛl.ju.lə/ | cellulaire, celluleux |
| gastrointestinal adjectif | /ˌɡæstɹoʊɪnˈtɛstɪnəl/ | gastrointestinal |
| tract nom | /tɹækt/ | appareil |
| receptor nom | /ɹɪˈsɛp.tə/ | récepteur |
| immunology nom | immunologie | |
| macrophage nom | /ˈmækɹɔʊː.feɪd͡ʒ/ | macrophage |
| mucous adjectif | /ˈmjuːkəs/ | muqueux |
| parietal adjectif | /pəˈɹaɪ.ə.təl/ | pariétal |
| phagocytosis nom | /ˌfeɪ.ɡoʊ.saɪˈtoʊ.sɪs/ | phagocytose |
| pyrogenic adjectif | pyrogènique | |
| secretion nom | /sɪˈkriːʃ(ə)n/ | sécrétion |
| adaptive adjectif | /əˈdæp.tɪv/ | adaptatif |
| enzyme nom | /ˈɛn.zaɪm/ | enzyme |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| break down verbe | tomber en panne | |
| get through verbe | /ɡɛt ˈθɹu/ | franchir |
Des phrases à répéter
Des phrases courtes et complètes de la vidéo, à réutiliser dans la conversation de tous les jours :
- Let's say this is your skin for example.
- Next you know the gastrointestinal tract?
- Alright, so what else do we have?
- You know the normal microbiota you have in your body?
- Alright, so let's look at these.
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | haven't heard · we've already talked |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | is called · were born |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 12 contractions et formes réduites, comme I'm, they're, we've. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: secretion /sɪˈkriːʃ(ə)n/, inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, junction /ˈd͡ʒʌŋkʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: gastrointestinal /ˌɡæstɹoʊɪnˈtɛstɪnəl/, parietal /pəˈɹaɪ.ə.təl/, phagocytosis /ˌfeɪ.ɡoʊ.saɪˈtoʊ.sɪs/, individually /ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒ(u)əli/, immunity /ɪˈmjuːnəti/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: hydrochloric /ˌhaɪdrəʊˈklɔrɪk/, enhance /ɪnˈhæns/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: macrophage /ˈmækɹɔʊː.feɪd͡ʒ/, individually /ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒ(u)əli/, analogically /ˌænəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkli/, pathogenic /pæθəˈd͡ʒɛnɪk/, physiological /ˌfɪz.i.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: bacterium /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/, gastrointestinal /ˌɡæstɹoʊɪnˈtɛstɪnəl/, tract /tɹækt/, receptor /ɹɪˈsɛp.tə/, macrophage /ˈmækɹɔʊː.feɪd͡ʒ/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme bacterium, innate, cellular.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.