Shadowing Practice: Unit 5 - Learn English Speaking with Video

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As part of our study of the brain's various functions, we're going to look at the topic of memory.

This is a fascinating topic, really.

Now, who remembers what they ate for lunch last Monday?

I remember having pizza.

That's memory at work.

A simple definition of memory is the ability to store, retain, and recall the information.

It sounds simple, but if you think about it, in many ways we are our memories.

When we think about who we are, we probably think about the events we've experienced, the people we've known, as well as the opinions and the feelings we have about a great many things.

All of this information is stored in a variety of brain systems that handle the different types of memory.

So first, let's look at three types of memory that have been identified by psychologists, Then I'll talk about how we can improve our memories.

The first type of memory is sensory memory.

Sensory memory is extremely short.

It generally lasts about 100 to 500 milliseconds.

As the name suggests, sensory memory concerns the initial moment that we perceive something with our senses.

For instance, consider tactile sensory memory.

If you touch a piece of silk, the memory of the smoothness of the silk will continue after you take your hand away.

That's sensory memory at work.

Now it's important for learning and remembering because using more senses means we've recorded the experience in more ways in our brain.

The next type of memory is working memory, which is extremely important in everyday life.

Working memory is a system where we temporarily hold and manipulate information.

You think of it as a temporary workspace in your mind.

For instance, if your friend tells you a phone number and you don't have a pen, you probably repeat the number several times in your mind so that you remember it.

In that case, you're using working memory.

Now it's absolutely crucial for performing common mental operations like adding numbers,

following directions, and understanding logical relationships between ideas.

Finally there's what's called long-term memory,

which is memory that's stored for as little as 30 seconds to as long as your entire lifetime.

Now psychologists believe that most long-term memories are information and experiences that were initially processed in working memory,

in meaningful and perhaps in emotional ways.

For instance, I clearly remember the first time I saw the Grand Canyon.

I was only 15 years old,

but the size just amazed and impressed me so much that even decades later it's still very clear in my mind.

Now there are two subtypes of long-term memory.

There's declarative memory and procedural memory.

Declarative memory is all of the facts and ideas and names that are consciously available to you.

All of your experiences and conscious memories fall into this category.

Procedural memory concerns your knowledge of moving your body.

Like when you ride a bicycle or you play a musical instrument.

Most of our procedural memories are implicit and unconscious.

Okay, now I'm going to test your memory memory with this question.

Does anyone remember what I said I'd talk about next?

How to improve your memory, right?

When we think about improving our memory, we're generally talking about improving our declarative memory, the one that stores the facts and the names and so on.

This type of memory can be improved if we use certain strategies.

So I want to talk about two types of memory strategies that are useful in school.

Cognitive strategies and affective strategies.

Now, cognitive strategies tell us how to approach tasks and which methods to use to complete them.

So basically, they're concerned with thinking in more effective ways.

Okay, let's take a quick look at one cognitive strategy, this one's called verbal elaboration.

A verbal elaboration occurs when we talk in a meaningful way about information that we are trying to remember.

And that means that as you study, you should think about and verbalize information critically.

You can use this strategy by agreeing or disagreeing with the information, or by comparing and contrasting the information to ideas you already know,

or by discussing relationships between ideas.

When we make meaningful relationships between what we already know and what we're trying to learn, we'll remember more and we'll remember it longer.

Now, for the other approach, affective strategies.

Affective strategies help us control our emotional responses so that we remember better.

What do emotions have to do with memories?

Well, emotions cause the release of brain chemicals that play a direct role in memory formation.

And part of the emotion system in the brain, called the limbic system, helps transfer information into long-term memory.

In other words, how you feel about something affects how well you remember it.

So, what affective strategies can you use to create positive emotional responses while studying?

First, study with one or two friends from class.

This can make any study session more interesting, more enjoyable.

Second, use interesting study tasks like taking turns, making short presentations on a topic that you're studying.

Or come up with questions to test each other on the information.

See, the point of trying the affective strategy is that it will increase not only your memory, but also your sense of fun and challenge and interest.

And you can do this for any subject.

Now, are there any questions?

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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les

Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: memory, strategies, memories, type, affective. Deze video bevat 68 zinnen en 900 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 6:21. De spreker praat in een gelijkmatig tempo van ongeveer 142 woorden per minuut, prettig om te shadowen. 86% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken.

Belangrijke woorden in deze video

De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:

Woord	Uitspraak	Betekenis
elaboration zelfstandig naamwoord		uitwerking
psychologist zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/	psycholoog, psychologe
verbal bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/ˈvɜː.bəl/	verbaal, woordelijk
fascinate werkwoord	/ˈfæsɪneɪt/	fascineren
implicit bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/ɪmˈplɪsɪt/	impliciet
millisecond zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈmɪlɪˌsɛkənd/	milliseconde
smoothness zelfstandig naamwoord		gladheid
consciously bijwoord		bewust
manipulate werkwoord	/məˈnɪp.jʊ.leɪt/	manipuleren
perceive werkwoord	/pɚˈsiv/	waarnemen
critically bijwoord	/ˈkɹɪt.ɪ.kə.li/	kritiek
impress werkwoord	/ɪmˈpɹɛs/	imponeren, indruk maken
unconscious bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/ˌʌnˈkɑnʃəs/	bewusteloos
bicycle zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈbaɪsɪk(ə)l/	fiets, rijwiel
disagree werkwoord	/dɪsəˈɡɹi/	niet overeenkomen, niet overeenstemmen

Phrasal verbs die je zult horen

Woord	Betekenis
come up with werkwoord	bedenken, verzinnen

Grammatica in deze video

De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:

Structuur	In de video
Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet	is stored · have been identified · were initially processed
Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt	we've experienced · have been identified · we've recorded

Uitspraak om op te letten

De spreker gebruikt 15 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals we're, we've, we'll. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.

Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: declarative /dɪˈklæɹ.ə.tɪv/, procedural /pɹəˈsiːd͡ʒ(ə)ɹəl/, psychologist /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, millisecond /ˈmɪlɪˌsɛkənd/, manipulate /məˈnɪp.jʊ.leɪt/

Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:

Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: affective /əˈfɛktɪv/, declarative /dɪˈklæɹ.ə.tɪv/, millisecond /ˈmɪlɪˌsɛkənd/, verbalize /ˈvɜɹbəlaɪz/, perceive /pɚˈsiv/
/æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: declarative /dɪˈklæɹ.ə.tɪv/, fascinate /ˈfæsɪneɪt/, tactile /ˈtæktaɪl/

Zo oefen je met deze video

Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
Spreek zin voor zin na op normale snelheid en herhaal elke zin tot je ritme gelijk is aan dat van de spreker.
Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als elaboration, psychologist, verbal.

Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?

Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.

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