Shadowing Practice: We Need To Talk About Ozempic - Learn English Speaking with Video

GLP-1 drugs are everywhere.

GLP-1.

GLP-1s.

People scramble to get their hands on GLP-1 drugs.

Today we're going to talk about the psychiatric effects of GLP-1 agonists or medications like Ozempic.

And if you're thinking about taking a GLP-1 agonist, or if you're taking a GLP-1 agonist, what you should be aware of,

because things are a little bit complicated.

Some studies will show improvements in binge eating, some studies will show increases in anorexia, Some studies will show improvements in moods.

Some studies will show triggering of depression.

And so what's going on here?

And it turns out that actually all of that is true.

And that's why we need to dive into it with a little bit more detail.

So we're going to start off by doing a quick review of glucagon-like peptide and what its role is in the body.

So the first thing to understand is that GLP is a hormone.

So the hormones are chemical signals that travel everywhere in your body, everywhere that blood exists.

Okay, so the first thing to understand about hormones is that they have differential effects on different parts of your body.

So let's use a simple example of hormone, testosterone.

So testosterone has differential effects depending on the tissue that it reaches.

So the skin cells on the top of my head will make me bald.

The skin cells over here will make me actually grow hair.

The skin cells on my back will also start to grow hair.

So it causes a differential pattern of hair growth depending on the target tissue.

When testosterone travels to my brain, it'll increase my sense of protectiveness, maybe some degree of aggression, some degree of competitiveness.

When it travels down to my scrotum and testicles, it stimulates sperm production.

And so depending on where a hormone travels in the body, it will have a differential effect.

And when it comes to GLP-1 agonists, this will explain a lot of the contradictory information.

So next thing we have to understand about GLPs is what is the role of glucagon-like peptide?

Why does the body secrete it?

What is its job?

So GLP is a satiety hormone, okay?

So satiety is to feel sated, to feel satisfied.

So basically when we eat something, our stomach stretches, glucose gets entered into our bloodstream.

And so our body has these two modes.

It has a hungry mode and it has a no longer hungry or satisfied mode.

And GLP is one of the key signals that tells our body we are satisfied.

GLP also works in concert with insulin.

So you can sort of think about it like in the same way that you get a food coma from insulin, GLP-1 will signal to parts of your brain that we have had enough to eat.

I keep seeing comments, Dr. K, how do I apply this to a situation in my life?

That's literally why we created a coaching program.

Our coaches are certified on an evidence-based curriculum designed to help you get unstuck.

This involves analyzing your patterns, increasing your understanding, and working with you week to week to help you develop a plan to create lasting change.

So if y'all are interested, check out the link in the description below.

If we look at insulin, insulin is focused primarily on glucose metabolism.

So it regulates our blood sugar, okay?

But GLP is not related to blood sugar, but it is related to other parts of satiety.

So GLP travels to this part of our brain called the ventral tegmental area, which is where our dopaminergic reward circuitry is.

So when we have a craving, that comes from our dopaminergic reward circuitry, right?

Like I wanna eat french fries.

And then I eat french fries and then it feels pleasurable.

So eating food is tied with pleasure.

Eating fatty food, having intense cravings for sugary food, all of those are tied to pleasure.

And I don't know if you guys have kind of experienced this, but like, hopefully.

You know, you can eat a cookie and it tastes really good then you eat a second one, you eat a third one, you eat a fourth one, you eat a fifth one.

And if you look at the volume of cookies you're eating, they're actually pretty small, right?

Like you can eat five cookies.

And it's not like the same quantity of food.

It's not the same volume of food as let's say like a big salad that is like low calories, right?

But as each subsequent cookie you eat gives you a reduction in your craving, and then your pleasure starts to kind to go down.

A lot of that reduction in your pleasure is mediated by GLP.

So GLP travels up to your brain and actually inhibits the pleasure that you get from eating foods.

That same part of your brain, the ventral tegmental area or nucleus accumbens, is also where our cravings come from.

So I don't know if this kind of makes sense.

The more you eat, the less you crave eating, unless you've got something like a binge eating disorder, right?

So that kind of makes sense.

more pleasure you have.

So I have cravings high, pleasure low.

And then as I eat, cravings go down and pleasure goes up.

And the chemical signal to mediate that shift is a GLP-1.

So the GLPs basically reduce our cravings and increase our sense of satiety.

So now let's talk about GLPs and addictions, because if we're reducing our cravings and blunting our pleasure, then it should have an impact on addictions,

which is absolutely what we see.

This is a study that was used AI to analyze people talking on the internet

and basically found that people were reporting when they started GLP-1 agonist like Ozempic that it affects their substance intake.

So it reduces their alcohol intake, reduces their caffeine intake, reduces their nicotine intake, seems to have not a huge effect on cannabis.

And then in terms of behavioral addiction, seems to reduce compulsive shopping, impulsive shopping.

But according to some of these reports, may actually enhance pornography usage.

So people become potentially more addicted to pornography or use pornography more when they are on GLPs.

So what's going on here?

So in order to understand how GLPs affect addictions, we have to understand a little bit more about how they affect the dopaminergic circuitry, okay?

So this gets a bit complicated.

So this is the way that your dopamine normally works, okay?

So we have some level of dopamine that just fluctuates throughout our day.

I take a sip of water, mmm, that water's tasty.

I get a little bit of dopamine, okay?

And then there are times where I'm like a little bit bored, oh my god, this is boring, like this guy is just like rambling on about dopamine, he's He's talking about science.

Oh my God, that's so boring.

So we get a dip in our dopamine.

So our dopamine just kind of goes up and down throughout the day.

And then what happens is we sometimes get something that is addictive.

So I eat a donut or I play a video game or I use cocaine.

And in those three cases, right, or sometimes all three all at once, I get a spike of dopamine.

So the way that GLPs work is by capping the dopaminergic signal that your brain can get.

So it doesn't affect our day-to-day dopaminergic stuff, but if we do something that induces a spike of dopamine,

it kind of caps that, okay?

So the way that you can think about it is like, it doesn't affect the basic speed of our car, it just lowers the top speed that my car is capable of going.

I can hit 100 kilometers, but I can't hit 120 or 140 or 150.

Now, the interesting thing is that it is the high spikes that make us addicted to things, okay?

So it's really hard to get addicted to something that has a low dopaminergic signal.

So the things that are the most addictive are the things that give us the biggest spikes.

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So when my friend says, hey, Dr. K, it's great to see you.

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Like, are you having fun at the party?

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I'm like, yeah, man, I'm having fun.

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He's like, you want to go into the bathroom and do some c*?

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And I'm like, sure, I'll give it a shot.

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Wow, that's amazing.

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So when we get a high spike of dopamine, that is what triggers neuronal rewiring.

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So we can look at this in other mechanisms like loot boxes.

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Why are loot boxes so addictive?

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Because the spike in dopamine that they give us is way higher because most of the time we get nothing.

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Occasionally we get a big spike and then we're like, oh my God, I want that high again.

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This is why people who play the lottery and lose lots of money over the lottery

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will still continue to play it because that spike of winning keeps us coming back.

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So now this is something that's like pretty cool because the GLP-1, since it prevents the spike, it prevents us from getting addicted to things.

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It's not that simple, but that's basically the mechanism that it's blunting, which is why we see, it's really fascinating, reductions in a lot of addictive behaviors, okay?

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And this is what's kind of interesting about it.

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So now we're going to tunnel down into specifically alcohol use.

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So here's a study that's looking at semaglutide or ozempic on alcohol use.

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And what we find is that people who are on GLP-1s, it doesn't reduce the number of days that they drink.

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Okay, so if I normally have drinks three days a week, I go to happy hour on Thursday, go to happy hour on Friday, have a wine night on Saturday.

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Once I start my GLP-1, that doesn't change.

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I still drink Thursday, Friday, and Saturday.

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But what it changes is how much I drink.

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So if you measure the average alcohol concentration in the blood before

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and after some of the what you find is that the alcohol concentration is way lower.

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The number of drinks that I have actually drops quite a bit.

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I still feel like drinking, right?

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Oh, like I'll have a glass of wine.

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But whereas I used to have like two, three, four glasses of wine, now I'm having like one and a half to two.

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And if we kind of think about it, once we understand the neurochemistry, it sort of makes sense because it's reducing my craving.

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It is blunting the pleasure that I get from alcohol.

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So I can enjoy a glass of wine with dinner, but then after you have that first glass, you're like, man, like top me up.

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Give me a hefty pour, right?

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After you have that second drink, you're like, fill it up all the way, baby.

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Like, let's go.

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As you start to drink a little bit, you wanna drink a little bit more.

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As you start to eat one potato chip, you're like, man, that potato chip was really good.

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Let me have a second.

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Let me have a third.

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Let me have a fourth.

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That's what it blunts, right?

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Because it caps that dopamine.

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So it appears like we've got pretty decent evidence

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that it improves a lot of addictions alcohol at the top of the list, maybe caffeine, maybe nicotine, maybe impulsive shopping, maybe binge eating for sure,

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but it may not have much of an effect on cannabis and may actually be harmful when it comes to pornography.

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Now remember that GLPs affect all the different parts of our brain.

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And so when it affects the emotional parts of the brain, it appears that it leads to a lot of mood dysregulation that is not good.

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So it seems to increase feelings of depression, seems to blunt our capacity to experience pleasure.

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And this is what some people call kind of the ozempic personality.

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This is when people are on semaglutide, like they just don't feel like doing stuff.

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Stuff doesn't really feel super fun to them.

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And that kind of makes sense.

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So it causes some anhedonia.

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So anhedonia is the inability to experience pleasure.

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It's one of the hallmarks of a depressive episode.

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And when people are on semaglutide, we can see how it can cause anhedonia because it is capping our dopaminergic response, right?

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So we're not feeling really excited about stuff.

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Like sure, it caps the cocaine response and the alcohol response, but maybe it's also capping the birthday party response.

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And since those spikes of dopamine are what encourage our behavior, right?

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Once I get a loot box, I want to buy another one.

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Once I go out and I have a blast, how was this party on Saturday night?

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Oh my God, bro.

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It was completely awesome.

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Some people were doing in the bathroom.

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I steered clear of it, but I still had a great time.

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But if I'm blunting my ability to have a great time at a party, that'll then shape my motivation.

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And over time, the Ozempic personality seems to kind of like contract people's sphere of what they do.

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So there's evidence that it increases feelings of depression.

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One study found that it increased as much as 195%.

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So the risk of depression skyrockets, right?

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So that's almost a twofold risk.

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And it also appears to increase suicidality by over 100% according to this one study.

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And so doctors for the past several years have been noticing that when they start their patients on GLP-1s, that it seems to be increasing the risk of depression,

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can cause relapses of depression.

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And what's even the scariest thing is that for people who have had no history of depression,

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seems to drastically increase the risk that they will develop depression for the first time.

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But then there are some studies, especially things called meta-analyses.

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So this is when we pool together data from lots of different studies to see

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if there's something that kind of floats to the surface.

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So here's an example of a meta-analysis that basically found that there's no increased risk of depression.

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So like what's going on, right?

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So on the one hand, you have doctors who are prescribing this medication, who are seeing people relapse onto depression or having a resurgence of their depression.

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You're seeing people have new onset depression, but then you have some of these big trials that are showing actually there seems to be no difference.

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It doesn't actually increase risk.

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So what's the deal?

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And this is where we get to a really fascinating, I think for me, key finding about GLPs,

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which is that the kind of person who takes it determines how healthy or unhealthy it is.

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So here's a study that found something really interesting.

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For people who were obese and took a GLP-1, it did not increase their risk of depression.

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But for people who were at a normal or healthy weight, and if they took a GLP-1,

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there is a greater chance that it increased their risk of depression.

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And this is where we have to get to some like really basic important stuff about medicine.

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See, anytime I prescribe a medication as a doctor, there's a risk benefit, which is like, duh, but let's understand something about depression.

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So let's say I'm morbidly obese.

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I have a BMI of 30.

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When I need a CAT scan, I have to go to the, literally, I've had patients who have this, I'm like 600 pounds or 700 pounds,

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and I don't fit in the CAT scan at Massachusetts General Hospital.

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So I have to get transported by ambulance to the zoo because they have a CAT scanner that will work on me.

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Imagine that that is what my life is like.

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Now imagine what is the impact on my mood

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if I am very overweight and I have to use the zoo's CAT scanner, right?

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So shaming, incredibly depressing.

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Now let's say I take semaglutide.

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and then what happens is I lose, let's say, 100 pounds, 200 pounds, 300 pounds, what impact will that have on my mood?

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So what we start to see, this is really important, is weight loss and a reduction in obesity has a positive impact,

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a huge positive impact on depression.

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That's not just because of the shame of the Zoo Cat Scanner, that's because we don't realize that adipose tissue, fat tissue, is hormonally active.

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So the greater my fat tissue, the more insulin resistance I have, the more inflammation I have.

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There are many negative mental health benefits of being at an unhealthy weight, let alone the psychological shame and all that kind of stuff.

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So when we're talking about a risk benefit, being able to lose 100 pounds, being able to go outside and go to the beach and things like that,

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that will have such a positive impact on my mental health that even if from a chemical sense, it's messing with my affect regulation centers,

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the gain that I get from the weight loss for my mental health will outweigh

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or balance the risk of messing up my emotional regulation centers in my amygdala and my limbic system.

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Whereas if I am at a healthy weight and I just start some agglutide,

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I'm not getting some of those benefits from the weight loss for my shame

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and being able to go to the beach and things like that, because I can already do that.

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I already get sent to an imaging center instead of the zoo when I need a cat scan.

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So this is why I think it's really important to like that, and this is what the studies show, is that there is a differential effect of GLPs on people's mental health.

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And the more overweight you are, the more helpful a GLP is.

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And the less overweight you are, the more potentially harmful a GLP is.

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And the best place that we see that is actually when we talk about eating disorders.

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So the first thing, remember, is that GLPs go to the ventral tegmental area.

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They blunt the dopaminergic pleasurable response.

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So no surprise that people with binge eating disorders, right, when I can't stop myself and I'll eat 6,000 calories in a sitting.

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And if we think about what's driving that, it's the pleasure, It's the dopamine.

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I feel addicted.

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I can't stop.

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And when we give people GLPs, it seems like they really blunt binge eating disorders.

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So people's binge eating goes way down.

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Good job.

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But if we look at other kinds of eating disorders that are not reward based,

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are not addictive, are not dopaminergic, anorexia is at the top of the list.

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So the neurochemistry of anorexia is not related to reward, right?

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It's not like people who are anorexic, they actually feel awful.

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They feel really bad.

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They're not, I've had patients who are hospitalized with anorexia, who we have to start, we have to put tube, we have to start tube feeds.

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We have to sometimes in really scary situations, strap them, actually physically restrain them to get calories inside their body

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because they're so malnourished that their heart is starting to have arrhythmias.

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The interesting thing is when someone is in that bed getting IV fluid or getting nasogastric tube feeds,

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they're not high, right?

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They're not like pleasurable.

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This isn't fun for them.

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Their suffering is profound.

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Their suffering is intense.

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And even if you talk to people with anorexia, what you'll find is that like the majority of their day is like suffering.

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Like they're like, they have all these cravings.

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They really want to eat their fucking body wants to eat something, man.

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Like, Oh my God, I want to eat something.

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The cravings are so hard.

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I'm with my friends and my friend brought a peanut butter, peanut butter and crackers and, and like a girl dinner plate with like fruit and peanut butter and crackers.

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And this like triggered me so hard.

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Their baseline experience is suffering.

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An anorexia conversation for a day is all about control trying to exert control trying to hammer your body

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and the world around you into complying with your will

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that has nothing to do with dopamine and

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so what we're starting to see that's really scary is

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that glp1s they may help with binge eating disorders

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but they are actually making anorexia and restrictive eating disorders potentially way worse and they are potentially causing a trigger,

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someone who didn't have an eating disorder, to have eating disorders.

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So here's what's really scary.

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One of the risk factors for causing an eating disorder is weight loss.

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So if you are someone who has certain psychological vulnerabilities, especially around body image, right?

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So if you're someone who is at a healthy weight, and you have a lot of body image issues because you spend a lot of time on the gram,

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on TikTok, on seeing all these people who have filtered faces and now you start to feel a little bit vulnerable.

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You go on dating apps, but people swipe left.

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Oh my God, right?

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This is happening all over the place.

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So we have psychological vulnerabilities.

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In people with psychological vulnerabilities who lose weight, this can actually trigger an eating disorder, okay?

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So there's something called atypical anorexia nervosa, which has all the features of anorexia.

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So restricted eating, body image issues, but they're actually at a normal weight.

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So one of the key factors of diagnosing anorexia is you have to be at an unhealthy weight.

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That's one of the diagnostic criteria.

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But there are some people who have atypical anorexia.

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They have the mind of an anorexic and the body of someone who is at a regular BMI or a healthy BMI.

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And even as much as a 5% weight loss can trigger atypical anorexia.

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So we can trigger eating disorders if we actually lose weight.

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And here's what's really fascinating.

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There are some studies that show that patients with binge eating disorders who go through cognitive behavioral therapy, the more weight they lose,

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there's a binge eating disorder, so they're usually at a normal weight or potentially even overweight.

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The more weight they lose, the greater their risk is of developing something like anorexia.

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It's insane.

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So like if I go through cognitive behavioral therapy and I lose 50 pounds, my risk of anorexia is higher than if I lose 25 pounds, right?

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So there's something about the extremity, I don't know, the severity of like the rigidity of anorexic thinking where the more you lose weight, the more it kind of turns on.

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And this is what we're seeing with GLPs is it seems to exacerbate this risk.

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And this is where people are sort of seeing the like the ozempic face, right?

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And the ozempic face is like kind of shrunken.

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And there are very like severe cases, case reports of people who are able to manage 400 to 600 calories a day are getting dehydrated with using semaglutide.

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And I want y'all to kind of think about this for a second, okay?

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Because let's say I'm an anorexic and I want to lose as much weight as possible.

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I hate the fact, I look at my face in the mirror and I think that I'm obese.

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So in my body, there's a war, which is what anorexics suffer with, okay?

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There's a war between like my liver telling me, hey, we're out of calories, like we need food.

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And so there's strong craving signals that are being sent to my brain.

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We are starving, bro.

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Give us some food.

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And that fights against my control.

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So I have pro eating signals and anti eating signals.

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And how does a GLP-1 work?

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Agonist work?

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It reduces my cravings.

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It reduces, it's a GLP-1 agonist.

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It tricks my brain into thinking we just ate.

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So now that I've tricked my brain into thinking that we just ate, my capacity to restrict my calories actually increases.

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So at the end of the day, what is the impact of GLPs on your mental health?

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We kind of don't know for sure.

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Should you take a GLP-1?

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I would say this is why we say talk to your doctor.

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This is not just medical, legal, cover your ass.

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This is why what we're seeing with GLPs-1, GLP-1s, it is a highly individual decision based on your risk factors?

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Do you have a lot of health benefit to gain from losing weight?

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Or are you trying to do this for cosmetic reasons, right?

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Are you struggling with certain addictions?

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Do you need to cut down on your alcohol?

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But is it porn addiction?

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And lastly, if you have a history of mental illness or even don't have a history of mental illness,

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you should be on the lookout for things like a rise in depression or even spike in suicidality.

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So potentially amazing drug, but to be used with caution.

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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les

Deze spreekles op niveau C1 is gebaseerd op de video “We Need To Talk About Ozempic”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: glp, eating, weight, eat, depression. Deze video bevat 317 zinnen en 4208 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 23:21. De spreker praat snel, ongeveer 180 woorden per minuut, dus reken op verbonden en ingeslikte klanken. Slechts 81% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig. 51 van de 317 zinnen zijn vragen, dus het is goede oefening voor vraagintonatie en korte antwoorden.

Belangrijke woorden in deze video

De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:

Woord	Uitspraak	Betekenis
anorexia zelfstandig naamwoord	/ænəˈɹɛksi.ə/	anorexie
dopamine zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈdoʊ.pəˌmin/	dopamine
spike zelfstandig naamwoord	/spaɪk/	stekel
binge zelfstandig naamwoord	/bɪnd͡ʒ/	zuippartij, binge
blunt bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/blʌnt/	stomp, bot
calorie zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈkæləɹi/	calorie
hormone zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈhoɹmoʊn/	hormoon
addictive bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/əˈdɪktɪv/	verslavend
addict zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈæd.ɪkt/	verslaafde
insulin zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈɪnsəlɪn/	insuline
satiety zelfstandig naamwoord	/səˈtaɪ̯ɪti/	verzadiging
pornography zelfstandig naamwoord	/pɔɹˈnɑ.ɡɹə.fi/	pornografie
overweight bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/ˌoʊvɚˈweɪt/	te zwaar
cookie zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈkʊki/	koekje
fascinate werkwoord	/ˈfæsɪneɪt/	fascineren

Phrasal verbs die je zult horen

Woord	Betekenis
go down werkwoord	afdalen
check out werkwoord	onderzoeken
come back werkwoord	terugkomen
go out werkwoord	naar buiten gaan
mess up werkwoord	verrommelen, in de war brengen
turn out werkwoord	uitvallen, resulteren

Zinnen om te herhalen

Korte, volledige zinnen uit de video die je in alledaagse gesprekken kunt gebruiken:

K, how do I apply this to a situation in my life?
That's literally why we created a coaching program.
K, it's great to see you.
Are you struggling with certain addictions?
Do you need to cut down on your alcohol?

Grammatica in deze video

De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:

Structuur	In de video
Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding	area, which is · people who play · blunting, which is
Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet	are satisfied · are certified · is focused
Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt	have filtered · I've tricked

Uitspraak om op te letten

De spreker gebruikt 71 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals I'm, we're, don't. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.

De klanken “sh” en “zh”: differential [dɪfəˈɹənʃəɫ], pleasurable /ˈplɛʒəɹəbəl/, inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, aggression /əˈɡɹɛʃən/, caution /ˈkɔːʃ(ə)n/
Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: anorexia /ænəˈɹɛksi.ə/, dopaminergic /ˌdəʊ.pə.mɪˈnɜː.d͡ʒɪk/, semaglutide /ˌsɛməˈɡlutaɪd/, differential [dɪfəˈɹənʃəɫ], satiety /səˈtaɪ̯ɪti/

Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:

Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: binge /bɪnd͡ʒ/, semaglutide /ˌsɛməˈɡlutaɪd/, addictive /əˈdɪktɪv/, impulsive /ɪmˈpʌlsɪv/, peptide /ˈpɛptaɪd/
/æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: anorexia /ænəˈɹɛksi.ə/, agonist /ˈæɡəˌnɪst/, calorie /ˈkæləɹi/, addict /ˈæd.ɪkt/, fascinate /ˈfæsɪneɪt/
/g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: agonist /ˈæɡəˌnɪst/, semaglutide /ˌsɛməˈɡlutaɪd/, pornography /pɔɹˈnɑ.ɡɹə.fi/, glucagon /ˈɡlukəˌɡɑn/, glucose /ˈɡluː.kəʊz/

Zo oefen je met deze video

Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als anorexia, dopamine, spike.

Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?

Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.

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Uitspraak om op te letten

Zo oefen je met deze video

Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?