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Jensen Long, thank you.

Thank you for having me here at this beautiful NVIDIA campus.

You and I have known each other a very long time and have a lot of ties, Stanford ties and the like.

So I'm really looking forward to our conversation.

But let me start with this young kid.

What, Nanai comes to the United States of America?

America is in many ways one big immigrant story.

Very different stories, but one big story of people who come seeking a better life, people who believe that their children are going to do better.

So talk about arriving here.

It couldn't have been easy.

I was born in Taiwan.

When I was five, my father got a job in Thailand to help start an oil refinery.

And so we moved to Thailand.

We were there for about four years.

In 1973, there was a coup, as it happens every now and then.

And my parents thought it was unsafe for us to be there.

My older brother was one year older than me.

He was 10.

I was nine.

my parents wanted to send us out as soon as possible and so they got our uncle who lives in Washington,

Tacoma, Washington to take us for a little while.

My first impression was was I'd never stood in a house with carpets before and it was the strangest feeling.

I felt like I was walking on my bed with my shoes on.

And just everything from cereal and the morning television, speed racer, and in the afternoon, Partridge family, and all the candy,

the Snickers bars, everything was like, I couldn't imagine what this amazing country was.

And everything was so beautiful.

The cars, everything was just incredible.

And we were in Tacoma, Washington for about three months

and then they sent us to the most affordable accessible boarding school in America because my parents couldn't afford much.

A wonderful school.

They welcome students of all backgrounds, many from difficult homes, some international kids and that's how we were able to come.

They sponsored us and allowed us to come to United States

and stay in that boarding school and I was there for about two years in Oneida, Kentucky.

I have never heard of Oneida, Kentucky till this particular moment.

If you look at Onida, Kentucky in Google Maps, the beautiful thing is there's nothing around it.

It's just one little dot.

I think when I was there was probably population 600.

It's probably population 600 now.

Beautiful, incredible.

I had a wonderful, wonderful childhood there.

It was very difficult and very scary coming to United States by yourself.

But it's amazing what my older brother did, frankly.

I just followed him around.

He was 10 years old.

Could you imagine a 10-year-old bringing along a 9-year-old?

Traveled all the way from Thailand, never been to the United States.

Landed in Tacoma, Washington, and went to Kentucky, but laid over in Chicago.

Oh, my goodness.

The airport, Chicago airport is gigantic.

And so we had to go find a connecting flight.

And a 10-year-old did all that by himself.

My older brother is incredible.

That's amazing.

So this was risky in a lot of ways

but your parents felt that the greater risk would be to stay where you were.

How were you treated?

Were people friendly?

Were they surprised?

How did that part of it go?

You know, 1973, United States in Kentucky,

there were still biases, and nobody had the school had never seen this Chinese kid before.

Wonderful kids there, but none of them ever seen the Chinese before.

And so there were all of the things

that comes along with being a stranger in a town where nobody's ever seen someone like you before.

And so there's a lot of biases and, of course, things like that.

But kids are kids.

And so for us at the time, you know, the United States was amazing.

And I was part of the swim team.

And I was part of the soccer team.

And the food was interesting and, you know, sausage and gravy.

Who wouldn't like that?

You know, hamburgers.

And after the swim meet, the coach just took us to the most amazing restaurant in the world.

And the food came in boxes.

And the menu was all lit up.

And we sat in a restaurant that seemed like a spaceship.

And it was McDonald's.

McDonald's, right.

You know?

And so I think it's really all about expectations in life.

You know when you came from an even more difficult circumstance

That's the thing about immigrants is that that when you come into

when you come to America you came because of choice You wanted to be here.

My dad sent us here

But in fact when I was four years old

He had the opportunity to come to be trained in the United States

and turned out the place he came to was New York Could you imagine to come to the United States and

It's New York City from Taiwan in the 60s.

And so he always said that he wanted his family to eventually come to America, to come to this incredible place.

So the thing that's really great about immigrants is you came with very little expectation.

You came with great hopes and dreams.

You appreciate everything.

And with a sense of gratitude for where you are and the new opportunities.

Exactly.

And this miracle that you're witnessing, I remember very clearly what it's like to see America for the first time.

This miracle and all these people and how welcoming they are.

To see it through those eyes.

But then, of course, you go from this little kid in Kentucky, you're on the swim team, sounds like you were doing okay.

I was a good athlete.

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Yeah, I was a good athlete.

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And so we met our parents back in Tacoma, Washington.

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they had nothing and literally they put all their belongings on the plane

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so they had nothing and they came with the you know literally the suitcase I mean

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that story the immigrant story

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and they saved their way to build a life for their kids my mom was a maid at a Catholic school

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and my father was an engineer.

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They saved everything they had.

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My dad bought a green truck, a van, and there were no seats in it.

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So he put a carpet in the back and put some milk crates.

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We got into that green van

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and he drove us all the way from Oregon down to LA so that we could go see Disneyland.

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And that was the one vacation of our family.

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How did you end up going on to college and then Stanford?

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And how does, and working at Denny's, which we have to cover at some point.

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I know, I must be Denny's best ambassador.

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Yeah, I think you are definitely.

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I love Denny's so much.

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It never occurred to me to be able to afford or, you know, go anywhere for college.

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And so it was always just my plan that I would grow up in Oregon.

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And I loved math, I loved science.

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And when you're in high school, and you love math and science, you're only going to have three other friends who also love math and science.

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And so the two or three friends of ours, we were all in a club, so that we were in a math club.

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We were also in a science club.

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Right.

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And then we were in a computer club.

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All together.

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All together.

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And so, and then afterwards, after, you know, clubbing, we would go play, played arcade games, you know,

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play pinball or go play arcade games.

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And that was growing up.

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And my best friend, Dean Verheyen, he said, you know, I'm just going to go to Oregon State University.

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My brother went there, my parents went there.

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And I said, that sounds great.

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Oregon State had a good engineering program.

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That was just good happenstance.

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I loved the school and it turned out that there was another kid there, Lori.

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She was one of three girls in a school of, in a class of 250 other boys.

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And she was, you know, she was, I was the youngest kid in school.

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I was only 16.

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And she was a year and a half older than me.

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And I was determined to go, you know, meet her. And so

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I you know statistically weeded out everybody by getting myself maneuvered into her lab class

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so now I've reduced the population from 250 competition from 250 to four

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it's quite clever that's very clever that was very strategic given

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when I was a kid and well I knew I knew odds

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and and uh and then

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and then you know I gave her the ultimate pickup I asked her if she wanted to see my homework. That was so smooth.

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That was really smooth of you to do.

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I cinched it.

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And so we've been together ever since.

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That's great.

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So that's how you met.

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Yeah, we met.

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We've been in college.

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So you're in Corvallis, Oregon State.

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You are doing well in school.

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How does Stanford come onto your radar screen?

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I always wanted to go to a great school.

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You know, I always imagined, you know, getting a master's.

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But I never imagined that I could afford it.

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And so during Oregon State, the recruiters came from Silicon Valley.

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And so I took a job at AMD.

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And that was a really good choice because the work was really interesting.

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I had really great colleagues.

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and and they had this this um a program where you could go to stanford

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and work at amd and they pay everything and so see

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and so it was an incredible thing so when i was being that

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when they were pitching the offer to me they said i

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said hang on a second i can go to i can

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work at amd you could pay me a great salary

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and you're going to pay me to go to stanford at the same time

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and they said yep you said that sounds good that sounds like like a dream come true.

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So I took that job.

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And then of course, a year later, Lori graduated, we got married.

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And then life started.

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So I took some classes, took some time off, took some classes, took some time off.

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And altogether, it must have taken me some eight years to graduate.

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I'm probably the longest running student at Stanford.

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Nobody paid Stanford more for the education.

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And along the way, Spencer Madison came and along the way I founded NVIDIA and literally during my entire tenure

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you know during that time of of being at Stanford my life happened

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when you're when you're going to school you think

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that the school work is awfully academic and the reason for

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that is because you're not sure whether there's any purpose and any benefit in learning this but the benefit of

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working and going to school at the same time, especially Stanford, I could see so much of the principles being taught

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and how important it is in everything that I do today.

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And so it was a great privilege to have all of that happening to me at the same time.

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My family, my kids, my company, Stanford, you know, working, all of it kind of in one giant soup.

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People talk about Silicon Valley and the ecosystem and so forth, but you just used a really great term.

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It is really kind of a big stew, isn't it?

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and you meet very interesting people and they change your thinking about something and that leads to something.

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It sounds like Stanford was a place like that for you.

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It completely shaped my attitude and my perspective about computer science and its impact to industry and industrial strategies.

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that that entire intersection between technology applications um the fundamental science

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and the strategies of computer science really for me formulated in

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that during that time right

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and it was really cool now talk about the founding of

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nvidia you know the early day founder stories are are really fascinating

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because you have to take a you have to take a

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chance you take a risk uh you You don't know if it's going to work out, but what was the kernel that made you and your co-founders think, maybe we have something here?

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During that time, it was at the beginning of the PC revolution.

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It was the beginning of really Moore's Law, the beginning of the CPU era, this incredible technology engine that really changed everything.

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All of that in Silicon Valley was all about CPUs.

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Everything was about general-focused computing.

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Everything was about CPUs.

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Everything was about Moore's Law.

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Everything was about the PC.

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And there were two simultaneous ideas that Chris Curtis and I were considering.

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And one idea, of course, is every application that's interesting and meaningful, can it be run on a CPU?

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And we believe that there were so many interesting problems to solve, whether it's real-time computer graphics,

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which is at the time one of the hardest problems to do in computer science, or simulation or other things beyond that,

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a normal computer like a CPU can't possibly be the right format.

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And so we imagine that there would be a way to accelerate the CPU,

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offload the work that is not suitable for general purpose things.

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It's kind of like in your house you only have one tool, one tool in the kitchen.

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Or you go into your garage, there's only one tool in your garage.

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You come to your company, there's only one tool.

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You know, there's the right tool for the right job.

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And we believe that there's another tool that could augment the CPU and make that computer essentially a supercomputer.

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Right.

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And so that's one idea.

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The second idea was how do we even get this company started?

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The problem is the CPU at this point, general purpose computing as of today, is probably about 64 years old.

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And so the nature of the computer industry is that if you create an architecture that produces benefits to applications,

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the install base goes up,

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the sales goes up, applications use more of it this positive virtual cycle would cause the two to reinforce itself

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and so in fact over the course of last 64 years there's

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so many applications are built on top of the cpu how

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do you even cause the application developers to consider another architecture architecture right

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that chicken or egg problem is incredibly hard to solve and has never been solved in fact aside from nvidia today,

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really everything else runs on CPUs.

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And so the idea that we would get this new architecture to be adopted by developers was incredibly hard.

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And so the question is, what's the first application?

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And so which brought NVIDIA to its second idea, which was maybe the first application is computer graphics.

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But the problem is computer graphics was such a small market at the time.

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It was just Silicon Graphics.

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And Silicon Graphics was such a, it was a large company, but by the standards of computer architectures, very, very small.

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And so the question is, how do we find an application that would on the one hand need this architecture,

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on the other hand be sufficiently high volume to cause this architecture

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to proliferate and so we thought maybe 3d graphics for video games computer games are not only fun

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but they perhaps more than any other application push the edge

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of computing power both pc upgrades for consumers are driven not by the grown-ups in the house

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but by the kids who want a more powerful gaming machine all right

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so you've got the brand new geforce 3 graphics card here

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that's exactly right the geforce 3 is the the latest generation graphics processor from nvidia

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so this product actually includes a 57 million transistor graphics processor

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to put it in perspective that's the that's more transistors than a penny

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and four plus a penny put together i just described a business plan yeah

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that is impossible to fund and it was i still remember explaining it everybody's going yeah

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but you know this and that this requires this be solved

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and have multiple chicken and eggs

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and yet silicon valley right here sand hill road would finance me sequoia capital and sutter hill right,

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would be investors in this company and that

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that we would be able to attract the brightest minds the

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brightest computer scientists in the world to come work here

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but we were just determined

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that on first principle basis the general-purpose computer cannot possibly be the only computing platform right

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and that there were too many interesting problems that we could solve if we were to introduce this new idea.

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What's key about this is it's programmable.

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That's exactly right.

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For the first time, the graphics processor is as programmable as the CPU.

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We have an instruction set, just like the Intel processors have an instruction set that you can program Microsoft Word or Windows with.

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We now have an instruction set that game programmers can program to create special effects on our processor.

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So you literally were swimming upstream on this.

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People you were trying to convince.

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For 30 years.

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For 30 years.

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Yeah.

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But then something happens and the problem that you've solved, it turns out has many other applications.

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NVIDIA!

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The best way to play the netbook explosion.

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That's right, NVDA.

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First of all, the company understands the netbook opportunity.

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Quote, there's more and more people proving that they want to be able to take the computer with them.

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NVIDIA came to us many months ago and talked to us about an amazing graphics part that they wanted to build.

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And we said, this is fantastic, but we'd like to use it in a notebook.

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Can we work together on this?

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And we've been working together with NVIDIA for many, many months, and they've created something really great.

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I remember listening to you at Stanford at a talk, and you said, we just kept trying to solve hard problems.

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Computer graphics is basically a simulation of the world.

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It's a simulation problem.

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In a lot of ways, artificial intelligence is a simulation of the mind, simulation of the brain.

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And so the computation of simulation can be done not completely, but largely in parallel.

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and so the the architecture the processor

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that you want to use for simulation versus the architecture used

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for task execution a recipe is step one step two step

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three in the case of simulation the world is happening concurrently

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and in parallel all the same time right now and

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so on that first principle you would think that simulation of the world whether it's quantum Newtonian or otherwise,

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should be something that is a different architecture than recipe execution and instruction execution.

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And so that's the big, big idea.

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Now the question then is, how do you manifest that idea in technology?

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Number one.

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Number two, how do you go find application for it?

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And so we found, of course, the first application, computer graphics.

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The second application was seismic processing or inverse physics, CT reconstruction, ultrasound, seismic, very similar problems.

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The next problem we found was molecular dynamics, Newtonian physics.

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And, you know, on and on and on and on.

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And we just kept finding one problem after another.

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And then one day, some researchers, one at Stanford, Andrew Yang, Jeff Hinton at the University of Toronto, Yann Le Kun over at New York University,

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they were all trying to solve for a similar problem, which is deep learning.

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And they reached out to us and I, you know, being alert, I realized that this is a problem

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that we could really make a contribution to and I was happy to help.

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And because of the work that we did together, it achieved a level of computer vision capability that no one had ever imagined.

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because of its success, it triggered even further introspection.

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Why does it work?

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What else can it do?

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How far can it go?

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What is the implication to computer science?

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What is the implication to the whole industry that we're built on?

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And so step by step by step, we broke everything down to its first principles.

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And then we rebuilt back where NVIDIA is going to be in that world?

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How do we apply all of the techniques that we know?

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How do we navigate step by step so that on the one hand, we can pursue this unknown future?

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And so all of this is about reasoning, vision, strategy, discipline, patience, belief,

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belief at the core of grit.

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We suffered our way here.

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We suffered every single step of the way we suffered our way here because nobody believed in it.

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So we had the benefit of building all of this for a decade before anybody even paid attention.

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The hard part, of course, is that you're endeavoring something that has no positive feedback, no external motivation.

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How do you stay motivated?

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And how do your employees stay motivated?

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Because there was this period of time where NVIDIA was not on the tip of the tongue of anybody

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here in the Valley.

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All kinds of other things were going on.

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How did you stay, not just you stay focused, but how did you keep a workforce believing and people believing,

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engineers believing that this was, there must have been a tough inspirational speech at some time.

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How do you do

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that first of all we have to believe in what we're

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doing we have to go back to our core values as

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you know in almost everything great that's done you have to

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go back to your core foundations you have to demonstrate that

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that you are determined to go pursue that that you see

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that future in your mind's eye even though nobody else can you see

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that future in your mind's eye you have to tell the story

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so that everybody else could see it in their mind's eye

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and you have to believe it yourself welcome Welcome to the world's first conference dedicated to our industry,

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dedicated to the visual computing industry.

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Welcome to GTC 2010.

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GTC is all about the celebration of the wonderful discoveries

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and amazing inventions that are made possible because of the GPU computing revolution.

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GTC is a celebration of your work.

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has to first start from what are your core beliefs.

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For what reason do you believe this future will happen?

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You could say that about America.

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You could say that about Stanford.

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You could say that about NVIDIA.

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America has core foundations.

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We spoke a little bit about it.

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The American dream has a core foundation.

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There's a reason why it exists.

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There's a purpose that drives it.

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There's a promise of it.

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There are pillars that keeps it up.

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When you see the world from my from my lens

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when you see america from my lens and

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when you see america now today as i travel around the world

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and see america from the lens of everywhere i've been

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and the countries that aspire to be us the industries

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that would aspire to want to be part of our industry

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you know it it is just genuinely a miracle it is a miracle

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and i very often i teach young people of course and sometimes I think that some of this has gotten lost.

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There is something about this risk-taking,

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this willing to fail, the fact that you are in a place where you'll get a second chance,

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the role of free speech, the role of laws that are reliable, that is really quite extraordinary.

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Exactly.

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We have a word for that.

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We call it freedom.

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We call it freedom, and that freedom has enabled so much.

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That's right.

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What would you say to these young people?

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Because there is unfortunately right now among my students, there's a kind of fearfulness.

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There's a kind of sense of, I'm not going to be able to achieve those things.

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Maybe this world, whether it's I won't have a job because of AI, or is that American dream still really there?

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What would you say to them?

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I would always retreat back to first principles.

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I would always reason from first principles.

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When I'm uncertain about the future, when things are moving too fast, you always go back to first principles.

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What are my core values?

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What makes me great today?

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What do I aspire for?

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And to go back to that, I would say to young people that it's possible to have multiple feelings at the same time.

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It's possible to be grateful for everything that you have, to be unsatisfied with where we are at,

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and to have aspirations for greatness.

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You're allowed to have all of those feelings at exactly the same time.

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Doing technology change, doing world change, is the only opportunity for greatness.

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Status quo, you know, it's really hard to make a difference.

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And so I would deeply dive into the capabilities of artificial intelligence and use it in every possible way.

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And it's not just about master of science, mastery of science, but it's about mastery of using artificial intelligence in my field of science.

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Your purpose, if you decide to go into medicine, is to care for people.

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It's different than studying a radiology scan.

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Your purpose as an engineer is to either solve a known problem or discover problems that have never been solved, that are worthy to be solved.

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There's a fundamental difference between the tasks that we do in our job versus the purpose of our job.

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Everybody's purpose, every job's purpose, surprisingly, consists of tasks, but not defined by the tasks.

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Let's talk about AI, actually, because you are foundational now to that entire revolution.

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But you're an optimist about the technology.

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Cautious optimist.

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Cautious optimism.

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Describe for me cautious optimism, because there's some people who are kind of, we've lived in the valley a long time.

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There are people who are kind of wild-eyed optimists as well.

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But talk to me about what cautious optimism means and how you think about that.

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Intelligence is foundational to every aspect of society, every aspect of industry, everything we endeavor.

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In almost everything that we do, the fundamental ingredient is intelligence.

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Now, of course, we have to be cautious.

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We have to be cautious so

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that we advance the technology as quickly as we can so that it works as we promised,

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so that it's functional as we expect, so that it doesn't produce intelligence.

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That sounds like it's intelligence, but it's not.

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It's flawed.

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Functional things are safer.

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I want my car to function as promised.

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AI needs to function as promised.

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What, when you think about this whole question internationally and the like, what concerns you about where we are now?

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I think that one of the challenges is to define what is AI.

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That is probably one of the most, there's a lot of different ways to think about the technology.

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But one way to think about it is it's like a five-layer cake and we have to win every single layer.

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The first layer is just energy, energy, land, power, and shell.

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First layer.

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Second layer is the chips in layer where I'm at.

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The third layer is the infrastructure layer, which is kind of like cloud services.

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The next layer above that is the AI model layer.

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This is where everybody talks.

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Yes.

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Right.

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But it's not the only layer.

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Everything, everything about that layer is very important.

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But ultimately, the most important layer to our nation is the layer above that, which is the application layer.

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Right.

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using AI for healthcare, using AI for military applications, using for defense, for cybersecurity, using AI for transportation, for manufacturing,

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that is what's going to drive our industry forward.

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But I do think that our nation also has to be very alert that this is a very important time.

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And although we are ahead, although we are the world leader, during an inflection in technology is exactly when leadership can change.

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And that we have to make sure that as we come up with policies, we don't hinder the most important layer, which is the highest layer, the application rate.

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That is the layer that whoever advances that layer most will exploit this industrial revolution the most.

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Somebody comes here from Taiwan.

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They're nine.

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They end up in Kentucky of all places.

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They somehow go to Oregon State because their friend goes to Oregon State and the family's there.

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And then they go to Stanford because somebody will pay for it.

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You meet a collection of people who are kind of intellectual geniuses, but they're a push on your own.

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That's right.

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I'm the busboy, Denny's, that met up with Chris and Curtis, the two geniuses.

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I mean, that's how the story goes.

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That's the story, right?

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Yeah, yeah.

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And you found this company on an idea.

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So a while before this idea actually shows that you were right.

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Does that happen only in America because of some of those foundational institutions, ideas that you talked about?

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I think that it's a chain of extremely low probability events that leads to India.

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and without the tailwind that America provides.

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America provides tailwind, not headwind.

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It provides tailwind, laws and rules that are understandable and that you can count on,

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a business environment, an industrial environment with people playing by the rules that you can understand and count on.

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When everybody's playing by the rules, because the rules and laws are for good reason, then at least you could find where there are segments in the market

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that are underserved and that you can rely on that.

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You can rely on the fact that you can create something great

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and take it to market in a way that serves a market

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that has a demand and that it wouldn't be foreclosed on you randomly, arbitrarily, unknowingly, you know, unpredictably.

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Those those things that entrepreneurs rely on, you know, are alive and well here.

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You know, as an immigrant, you come here by choice.

461

You witness a miracle because compared to where you came from, the circumstances you came from, it is a miracle.

462

The resources are incredible, are abundant.

463

You want to work hard because you're desperate to succeed.

464

An entrepreneur, you're desperate to succeed.

465

If you don't work hard every single day, you will perish.

466

The entrepreneurial spirit, the immigrant spirit is rather similar, actually.

467

Very similar.

468

Yeah.

469

Right.

470

You have the same feelings.

471

I am certain my feelings about NVIDIA and my constant desperation to do better

472

is exactly the same feelings my parents have to secure a living for their family.

473

They have nothing else to rely on, nothing to fall back to.

474

I can't imagine another place where this is possible.

475

You know, this is genuinely, NVIDIA genuinely is a only in America story.

476

In a lot of ways, I'm a only in America story.

477

This is in one lifetime.

478

I'm not talking about the fifth generation thing.

479

I'm not talking about third generation thing.

480

This all in one body in one generation with parents

481

that gave up everything to be here with no way to fall back and they

482

sacrificed their whole life to build a life for their children

483

so that we could have more opportunities than they did

484

and for a country to create the opportunities for me and all the the resources,

485

the systems, the institution, the foundation that makes a company like NVIDIA to be possible.

486

I am the embodiment of the American dream.

487

We will be able to share new courses.

488

Remember, learning English is a journey.

489

You are doing well, keep going!

490

We'll see you next time!

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