Shadowing Practice: The oil apocalypse is here - Learn English Speaking with Video
Creating lesson...
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Do you remember that oil shock we warned you about a few months ago?
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Well, it is here.
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Gas prices rapidly approaching their highest point since the start of the Iran war.
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Record high gas prices.
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Gas prices have never been higher.
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Pump prices are sky high all over.
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Here's a gas station in Texas that ran out.
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Here's another.
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One in Michigan.
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Here's a trucker who spent a thousand dollars filling one tank.
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Oh my god!
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This Simpsons joke is getting closer and closer.
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Woohoo!
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Free gas!
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By the way, this was posted by an Iranian political leader.
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It's a nice bit of trolling.
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But I have to be honest, this oil shock, it is different from the one that we warned you about.
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Because it's actually, and I can hardly believe this, three oil shocks hitting at once.
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One is from the Iran war, another from Russia's war with Ukraine, and a third from this war Saudi Arabia is fighting against a bunch of guys in sandals in the desert.
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And it's actually kind of four oil shocks
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if you count this whole other thing
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that i am just going to come back to has to do with really big boats
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and these are all converging at once and they're converging on something
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that honestly is much bigger than gas shortages
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or gas prices gas shortages are really kind of a tiny
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little distraction like they're a blip compared to the much scarier
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much more dangerous form this thing is taking it's a kind of devastation
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that affects truly every person on earth whether you use a car
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or not and it's not hypothetical it's not something that's over the horizon.
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It is here right now, upending your world in ways that might not be initially apparent, but once you know how to see it, you will realize are absolutely everywhere.
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So let's get into it.
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All right.
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What did you think I was not going to use the board for this one?
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Quick refresher.
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This is the world oil economy.
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It's all one unified global market, which means all the world's producers sell into the same big supply, which all the world's consumers buy from.
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Any given day, there are about 100 million barrels produced and 100 million barrels consumed.
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There's zero slack.
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Every drop gets used.
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So any disruption affects everyone.
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If you watched our other videos, you know how the Iran war blew all this up.
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And if you didn't, I'm going to try to TLDR you up to today in, personal challenge here, 60 seconds.
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Tamal, go ahead and put the clock on the screen.
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Tamal, go ahead and put the clock on the screen.
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You guys ready?
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Okay, go.
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February 2026, Benjamin Netanyahu convinces Donald Trump to do regime change war on Iran.
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It fails Iran blockades the Strait of Hormuz, depriving the world of the 20 million barrels of oil a day that went through it.
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The world gets some relief by rerouting oil through these big pipelines
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that avoid Hormuz go around it and
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that adds back seven million more bells to the system
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and then add on top of that emergency oil stockpiles
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that add back another two
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and a half million barrels china magically cuts back its imports by five
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and a half million barrels a day save the world thank you china so all together,
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which comes out to a 5 million barrel a day shortfall in the world's oil needs.
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Which brings us up to like September 1st. Okay, stop the clock.
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Do we make it?
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Still got it.
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Okay, so all of this is not great.
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You probably noticed it making your power bill more expensive, flights getting canceled, price of gas, but it's not like post -apocalyptic dystopia.
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It's bearable.
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But then, mid -September, a few really big things happened and upended all of this.
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And you know what?
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It's easier if I flip this around and show you on the map.
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Okay, so this obviously is Canada.
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No, I'm just kidding.
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It's the oil -producing Middle East.
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And all of this makes more sense if I show you where the oil is.
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It's really clustered right around here.
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And remember that everything in this region is worth 20 million barrels a day.
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So when you see where the oil is clustered, you can see why it makes sense that it normally travels through here, the Strait of Hormuz.
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Actually, let me map this out too.
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It's easier to see.
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Mostly this goes to Asia.
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Or it goes up through here, up the Red Sea, through the Suez Canal to Europe.
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or it used to until Iran closes it.
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And that closure, of course, leads to minus 20 million barrels from the world energy economy.
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So it looked like disaster until the UAE here opened up the dial on its 300 -mile crude oil pipeline,
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which I'm going to map out now.
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That's the pipeline.
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And it pops out here, just past Aran's blockade.
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Here's what it looks like.
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And that pipeline is shipping one and a half million barrels a day.
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Not bad.
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And then Saudi Arabia cranks up the mother of all oil pipelines, the East -West Pipeline.
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There she is.
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Runs east to west, and that's why it's called the East -West Pipeline.
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And that pipeline carries a kind of amazing five and a half million barrels of oil a day across 750 miles, mostly of desert.
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And it empties out here in the Red Sea, where it goes up to Suez to Europe.
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Let's map that out.
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And it also goes down here through the Red Sea out to Asia.
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And this all got opened up even more around July, when the world finally figured out how to get a little bit of oil out of Hormuz.
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Let me explain.
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This is, I swear to you, a real training video for cargo ship captains explaining something called ship -to -ship transfer,
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where in an emergency, one ship can offload its cargo to another without the use of a port.
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Right now, the really big oil tankers that normally would have gone through Hormuz are instead anchoring out here,
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where it's safe, and where they load oil using those ship -to -ship transfers
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that little itty -bitty ships bring to them through Hormuz.
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And those little ships shuttle back and forth on this sort of safe route right along Amang's coast.
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And they can do this because being smaller makes it easier to avoid detection
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and it makes the risk more palatable or manageable to ship owners.
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They also turn off some equipment to be stealthier.
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And this little game isn't enough to reopen Hormuz, but it does bring through about six and a half million barrels a day, depending on how good the Iranian Navy's eyesight is that day.
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So, okay, six and a half million barrels, one and a half million barrels, seven and a half million barrels.
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All of this together was bringing out about 13
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and a half million barrels a day from the supposedly closed straight or foremost.
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Honestly, that's pretty good.
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That's two -thirds of the normal amount until these guys showed up.
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Ansar Allah, or helpers of God, better known as the Houthis, for the al -Houthi family that leads them.
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Who are the Houthis?
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How do they fit into this?
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TLDR, Yemen has been in a civil war for 12 years now.
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Saudi Arabia intervened on one side, the Houthis are fighting on the other.
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That has been going on for a very long time
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and then all of a sudden in September the Houthis took a bunch of territory, Yemen all along the coast.
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This is the Houthi territory and it includes this spot right here.
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I know I covered it with tape but but it is the Strait of Bob al -Mandeb.
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Here's what it looks like.
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A really important choke point.
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The Houthis are fighting Saudi Arabia and they are allied with Iran, so they closed this strait that had become basically the backup hormones.
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And then they did something even bigger.
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This is Saudi Arabia's main refinery at the end point of that big pipeline, knocked out by Houthi rockets so now we gotta x this out
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so the refinery is out
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but the pipeline was still running until some friendly Iran back
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militias way up here in Iraq sent drones down to three
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different points in the pipeline these huge structures called pumping stations
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and turn them into this rubble here's a closer view one of the explosions was
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so big you could see it from space so three big pumping stations down,
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which means no more east -west pipeline, at least for now.
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And the world down five and a half million barrels, including a lot of that oil that would have gone to Europe.
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Okay, so east -west pipeline was the big one.
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So without that, we're down to just this little UAE pipeline and this ship -to -ship game at the edge of foremost,
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which means the whole region is down from 20 million barrels a day before the Iran war to now,
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thanks to Iran, and especially thanks to the Houthis just wrecking Saudi Arabia,
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we are down to 8 million barrels a day. That is bad.
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That's not good.
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And it actually gets even worse.
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But actually, before we get into what happened, there's something I want to show you.
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Hold on.
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So now I'm going to flip this back over and get us back to our story.
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Okay, so you'll see that I went ahead and updated this, updated all the numbers with all the stuff that we just went over.
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And it nets out down 4 million barrels a day.
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Might have been survivable if not for one guy.
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Someone we thought was a hero in the story, Xi Jinping.
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Buddy, I thought we were pals.
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But after a few months of going without oil so the rest of us could have enough, China seems to have decided, yeah, it's time for oil.
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This chart shows two things.
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The blue line here is the price of oil globally, and the red line is the price of oil specifically in China.
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Technically, this actually shows these things called WTI crude futures and Shanghai crude futures, but unless you're watching this video on a Bloomberg terminal, it doesn't matter.
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Don't worry about it.
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Just wanted to clear that up for the nerds in the audience.
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Most of the time, you can see these lines run in parallel.
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China is buying oil at about the same price as everyone else.
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Even during the first oil shock, it's pretty similar.
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China's line is a little smoother because, remember, they're buying less oil, so they can afford to skip the crazy price surges.
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But then, September 1st, something big changes.
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China starts paying way, way more than everyone else for oil.
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Look at that gap.
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The rest of the world is paying about $105 a barrel, but China is paying $135.
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And what's happening here is that China, after months of sitting out the global oil market, is going at an oil buying spree,
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which means it's now cutting just two and a half million barrels a day from its normal imports, not five and a half like it was before.
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Got my big marker.
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That's still helpful to the world for sure, but it is a lot less helpful than what China was doing before
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and it means that the global balance is now at net 7 million barrel a day shortfall in global oil supplies.
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Why is China doing this?
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As usual they're not saying but if I had to guess it's
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because they know something a lot bigger
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and a lot worse than a crude oil shortage like we
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said at the top of this video is already starting to hit the world.
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So now it's time I showed you what that is
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which means we have to rearrange the board here a little bit
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so yes you were reading this right everything
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that we talked about up to this point is actually just
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the first third of this it's the first of three interlocking crises
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that are all hitting once right now
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and the second huge global crisis is shipping just a baseline forever
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and ever getting oil from the place it was pumped to
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the place it's going to be consumed cost about three dollars a barrel.
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And that is way cheaper than you would think, right?
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Well, a lot goes into making that happen.
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We talked in our first Oil Shock video about how oil travels on all these long overseas routes, and it's shipped in huge,
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crazy huge boats that go literally the speed of a bicycle, Which means it's really, really important we have enough of these ships to keep the oil moving.
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And as of last month, we do not.
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We do not have enough ships anymore.
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And there are a few reasons for that.
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First off, Iran attacked a few to show it means business in closing Hormuz.
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And the U .S in turn sunk a few Iranian tanks.
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And a bunch of the tankers that are left are stuck, remember, anchored just outside Hormuz waiting to do those crazy ship -to -ship transfer maneuvers we talked about.
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And you can file all of those disruptions, all of which make shipping scarcer under generalized danger in the Hormuz Strait.
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But even that is nothing compared to what happened when these guys showed up and closed down the Bab al -Mandab Strait.
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Let's actually flip this back really quickly so I can explain why that's such a problem.
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so look here's why this is a big deal the only
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way to reliably get oil out of the middle east
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which what do you associate the middle east with with oil
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is now to go up through here through the suez canal
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and that's fine if it's going to europe
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but look there is suddenly no direct route to asia
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and asia is by far the world's largest consumer of oil
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and we saw that China is suddenly snapping up all this oil
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so how do you go from here the Suez Canal where
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the oil comes out now to here Asia where the oil
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ends up well by getting a little Vasco da Gama with it and rounding the Cape of good old
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here's a map of what changed the dotted line shows the old route for oil
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and it took 19 days to get from the Middle East to say Taiwan or China
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but now with baba mandab closed the new route goes up
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through suez across the mediterranean down the coast of africa around good hope all the way across here
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and back up to asia all of which takes 48 days a full month longer than before we flip this back
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so here again here's that route and this is crazy we are back in like 18th century spice trade routes
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and remember it has to travel both ways like this think about what
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that means one ship will now take three
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or four times as long to complete a single delivery
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which means it can only make a third
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or a quarter as many deliveries in the same period of time
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which is effectively the same as
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if two out of every three oil tankers just straight up disappeared
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and you will be shocked at how much this one thing blows up the world economy.
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This is the per day cost of hiring a big supertanker to ship oil.
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Before the Iran war, it cost like $30 ,000 a day.
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One of the worst days of pandemic, it peaked to like $250 ,000, which people thought at the time was Armageddon.
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Well, now it is up to $1 .2 million a day and rising.
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And it gets even worse.
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Remember that you were both paying a million bucks a day for shipping
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and you need to hire the boat for twice as many days.
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So it can, I guess, recreate Magellan's voyage round trip every time.
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Which means that the shipping price has exploded from $3 a barrel to now $26 a barrel.
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That means that shipping alone now adds another $23 to the price of each barrel of oil.
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That is about equivalent to the price shock from the Iran war itself.
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So it's like the shipping crunch took everything we talked about from the oil shock over here and then doubled it.
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Doubled the price spike, doubled the shortages because countries can't get oil in time or can't find spare ships, and it did something else.
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It set us up for this third and biggest crisis from the oil mega shock.
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Let me show you what I mean.
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This is oil as it comes out of the ground.
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And this is the gas you put in your car.
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And you're going to notice something here.
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These two images are really, really different.
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Crude oil on its own is basically useless.
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All of this is just the first half of how you turn that black goo in the ground into powering the world.
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And the second half is this, refining.
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This is an oil refinery.
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It is huge.
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Hundreds of acres of towers, sophisticated heavy equipment.
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These are $10 billion facilities, and they exist to process that 100 million barrels a day of global oil supply into something usable, like gasoline.
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Gasoline is the lightest fuel, so it goes in cars, motorcycles, lawnmowers, and the world uses 25 million barrels a day of it.
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And the next thing the refineries turn oil into is jet fuel.
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Jet fuel is also pretty light, goes in airplanes obviously, and it's actually just a version of kerosene, the thing you put in lanterns, and the world uses 8 million barrels a day of it.
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Next up is a bunch of other stuff that we don't need to get into, plastics, asphalt, chemicals, a couple other fuel types, all come from oil.
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And that's worth 37 million barrels a day.
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which leaves the big daddy of petroleum products the world's most used
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and most important oil -based fuel diesel and the world appetite for diesel is 30 million barrels a day
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and these 30 million barrels a day fuel freight trains farm equipment construction commercial shipping generators
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and most of all trucking if you buy
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or use a physical product of any kind diesel brought it to you
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and diesel has one great strength and one great weakness
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and the strength is that it's heavier and more energy dense
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so that it can well do this watch what happens
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when this guy just puts some diesel in a tube
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and then compresses the air in that tube gasoline can't do
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that this makes diesel more efficient and effective for a big heavy engine.
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That's its strength.
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Its weakness is that the market for diesel is something that economists call inelastic.
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Think about say gasoline that goes in cars.
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If the price of gasoline goes up a bunch say
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because America starts a war with Iran and now there's less gasoline available people can respond by using less of it.
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The carpool they take the train whatever.
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It's an elastic product so the market naturally adjusts.
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But we can't do
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that with diesel remember what it fuels trucking heavy equipment like
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farmer john can't turn off his tractor halfway through the harvest
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because diesel got too expensive he has no choice but to pay that price
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which is why as soon as supply tightens up you get
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shortages that's what these photos are from at the start of the video
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and the people who can find it they pay
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so everything i've shown you
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so far tracks how the oil shock over there plus a shipping shock right here leads to crazy prices
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and shortages by the time it gets to the refinery.
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But it is so much worse than that because there is now a refinery shock hitting too.
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This is the massive Moscow refinery on the outskirts of, you guessed it, Moscow, Russia.
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And the reason it's on fire is that Ukrainian drones blew it up.
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Here's another Russian refinery 600 miles away in Samara, also on fire, also Ukrainian drones.
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Russia is one of the world's big three oil refiners along with the U .S and China.
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And in the last few months, Ukraine has hit 28 out of 32 of their biggest refineries, which is why Russia looks like this right now.
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140 million Russians, every single one of them waiting in line for gas.
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Russia and Ukraine are fighting, and they've been fighting all year, refinery war.
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Ukraine is hitting Russia's refineries to pressure them to end their invasion.
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And it's kind of working.
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Refining oil into fuel to sell abroad is one of Russia's biggest industries.
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It's a huge part of their economy.
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Ukraine has cut that industry in half, but that means that the world is now down by about 1 million barrels a day of diesel.
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Trump has said this is why there's a global fuel shortage, but that is not true.
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This has been going on for like a year or two, and global fuel supplies were mostly fine for most of that.
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Was Trump and Netanyahu's war on Iran that set off all of this and triggered the global fuel shortage,
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which has made supplies so tight that something like Ukraine's refinery war on Russia suddenly has a much wider effect.
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I just wanted to clear that up.
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Anyway, got a lot worse when our old pals Iran and Saudi Arabia also got into a refinery war.
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After the US and Israel attacked Iran, Iran retaliated by attacking oil infrastructure like refineries in the Gulf states
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that had helped the US or host its military bases
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and then those countries attack at least one big refinery in Iran back
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and forth on and on you get the idea one
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and a half million barrels a day of diesel poof gone from global production
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and then enter our old pal China another of the big
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three global refiners source of a lot of the world's refined petroleum products like diesel.
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Everyone was hoping that Xi Jinping would bail us out again by ramping up fuel exports.
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After all, he was importing all that oil.
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But instead, my guy cut exports way back.
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And he did it to the tune of about half a million barrels a day less of diesel.
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Why did he do this?
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Say it with me.
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We don't know.
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They're not saying.
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You would think with China importing all that additional oil, they would turn it into more fuel to export.
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I mean, if only to do what the U .S has been doing during the crisis
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and selling its refined fuels abroad to huge profits while the price is really high.
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But China is not doing that.
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My best guess, they see how bad this is about to get and they're stocking up.
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So how bad is it going to get?
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Well, for starters, that 30 million barrel a day supply of diesel is already down by 3 million barrels just from this stuff.
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But saying 10 % drop does not come close to conveying how badly the global diesel supply is stressed
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and strained to the breaking point.
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Like remember these crazy shipping costs?
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Well, this hits twice as hard for diesel.
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Like let's say you're Australia and you have a rich, vibrant economy that exports iron ore and fairy bread to a grateful world
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but what you don't have is oil or a big refinery industry
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so where does your fuel come from well it starts as oil in the middle east
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and normally it would leave here through the strait of ramos
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but we are not in normally so it starts in the middle east
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and now it comes out here east west pipeline and it comes up here through Suez, across the Mediterranean, across, across,
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out the Mediterranean into the Atlantic, and then it comes way down here, down the coast of Africa.
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All of that to get back to the Middle East, but it doesn't go from here to Australia.
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No. Instead, it goes through here, past India, through the Strait of Malacca, up here to South Korea.
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Because South Korea has refineries.
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Australia does not have refineries.
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So South Korea turns that oil into diesel, which now finally goes way, way, way down here to the land of Oz.
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So that is quite a journey, and it takes forever.
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And if that oil tanker taking
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that trip is costing a million dollars a day now then
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by the time it winds its way to australia the price of its cargo will have gone
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stratospheric and this isn't just australia that has to import diesel from someplace else
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that refines it for them this is the same in europe
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it's true in a lot of latin america it's true in a bunch of africa
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and asia these are all places
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that need to have their oil ping pong twice across the globe before it comes to them as fuel
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which drives that cost way way up and there's one last thing here
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that we haven't talked about it's really important it's actually kind of the thing
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that like sums all of this up
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and they have a name for this thing in the oil industry a technical term
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that they like to use and
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that name is crack spreads crack spread crack spreads crack spreads crack spreads crack crack crack crack crack, crack, crack spreads.
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Okay.
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Yes, I know.
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I have had to listen to
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so many serious energy analysts say crack spreads are widening while trying to keep a straight face over the last month.
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Crack spreads.
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Crack spreads.
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Crack spreads.
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Crack spreads.
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Crack spreads.
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I just, why did they call it that?
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I don't know.
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Maybe they were bored.
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Anyway, the crack spread is actually a very important thing.
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It is the difference between the cost of a barrel of oil and the cost of a barrel of gas or diesel.
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And that comes from cracking, which is the term for processing oil and spread, which means the gap between two prices.
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And the reason that people care about this is because it measures how much it costs, all told, to turn that useless raw crude oil into usable fuel.
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And you want the crack spread to be low because that means fuel is cheap to make and to distribute.
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But the crack spread right now is, you guessed it, the highest it has ever been in history.
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This is, I promise, the last chart that we will look at, showing the crack spread to make diesel.
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It's mostly been below $20 a barrel for a really long time.
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It hit $100 for a second when Russia first invaded Ukraine, but now it is surging way past that record and still rising.
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And to show you what this is doing, let's look at crack spread and And no, you don't have to blur it.
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It's not a literal crack spread.
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It's just a chart.
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See, it's the chart we just saw.
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This is a clean show, guys.
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To show you how this normally works, this time last year, the price of oil was about $65 a barrel.
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And the crack spread, haha, cost about $20 a barrel.
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which added up to a diesel price of 65 plus 20 85 dollars a barrel
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this is normal this is a normal market
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and now well first the current price of oil is of course 100 a barrel
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and if you thought that was bad the crack spread today the price of refining
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that barrel of oil into diesel has gone from $20 to,
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and you are going to want to sit down when you hear this, $110.
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All of which means, I know some of you are already doing the math, that diesel has gone from $85 a barrel to $210 a barrel.
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this is almost triple the price.
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This is how you go from a 60 % rise in
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the price of oil to a 250 % rise in the price of diesel.
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And this, this is the crisis.
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It's that both 10 % of supply, poof, disappeared overnight and prices basically tripling at the same time.
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And I know if you're watching this, you almost certainly don't buy diesel yourself.
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You've probably never bought diesel.
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But believe me when I say you, your life, the things you do every day are 100 times more affected
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by the price of diesel than they are by the price of oil or even gasoline.
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And to show you how, we need to flip the board one last time, but we've run out of board to flip.
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So hold on.
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okay i want to conclude all of this with a summary
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of just a few of the many many things in our world
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that are getting hit really hard by the diesel apocalypse i could put truly 100 things up here
412
and would not scratch the surface but very basic overview we gotta start with trucks
413
trucking is far
414
and away the biggest use of diesel it's actually responsible for about half of global diesel use
415
and because trucking uses so much diesel it is very vulnerable to price increases
416
which means if diesel is three times as expensive then trucking is three times as expensive
417
and this impacts everything because everything is brought by a truck So like lumber is going to get a lot more expensive,
418
which means so is construction.
419
All those construction materials are going to cost a lot more to deliver, which means they're just going to cost more, period.
420
And even once they're there, that construction equipment runs on diesel too.
421
So that is another way the prices are going to go up, which means housing is going to get more expensive to build.
422
So it will be more expensive to rent or buy and will also be scarcer.
423
And another thing really affected by this is the price of food.
424
About 10 % of the cost of food comes from the transportation to get it to the store.
425
And transportation just got three times as expensive, which means that all your groceries are, rough math, going to go up about 20 % in price.
426
And in fact, it might be even more than that because diesel also fuels agriculture.
427
farm equipment big and heavy runs on diesel so
428
that 20 food price hike probably just went up again
429
and of course flights air travel remember it doesn't run on
430
diesel it runs on jet fuel another refined petroleum product
431
but it's experiencing the exact same thing same shortage price surge
432
both hitting at once most of your airfare is actually to pay for fuel
433
and airline fuel bills are rising by 40 percent which means that your ticket probably also rise by 40 percent
434
even with all of the ticket price hikes a lot of airlines are being pushed by this into
435
or near insolvency so you can expect more cancellations worse service
436
and worse delays okay last one
437
that we're going to talk about although like i said we could put a million things up here, is shipping.
438
These big boys use a lot of fuel, and that fuel is three times expensive,
439
which means it now costs three times as much to ship things overseas.
440
And this means that if you work in an industry that relies on selling products overseas, or if you manufacture something that involves importing materials from overseas,
441
you are in trouble or
442
if your country's economy relies on stuff imported from abroad like say computers
443
or cars you are in trouble
444
and a fun little added irony to this is guess what
445
also just got way more expensive to ship that's right oil
446
the high cost of oil is driving up the cost of oil it's awesome stuff
447
so what does all this mean look we are just at the start of something here
448
but make no mistake it has started i'm not going to say it's irreversible but like just to be really, really clear about this?
449
This up here, this is not some hypothetical worst case.
450
I'm not presenting this as a warning that we have to turn things around before it's too late.
451
This is happening now.
452
It's here.
453
And Americans, I know Trump is talking up a diesel export ban to save us from rising fuel costs,
454
but any expert economist in energy or oil whatsoever, left, right, or center will tell you the exact same thing,
455
which is that this is going to do worse than nothing.
456
This will drive up global prices, which is going to drive up all of this, including, yes, even U .S fuel prices.
457
So sorry, this is not going to fix it.
458
People ask me, hey, should I fill up my car while I still can?
459
Should I stock up on fuel?
460
And I don't know, it probably doesn't matter either way, to be honest.
461
I have a better piece of advice for you.
462
Don't absorb this as the new normal.
463
Don't just get used to it.
464
Every week, every month that we let this stretch on
465
and on because the leaders who started it are too embarrassed to admit that they screwed up and to stop, this thing is just going to get bigger and it is just going to get worse.
466
Thank you.
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Vocabulary and speaking notes for this lesson
This video has 466 sentences and 5803 words to shadow. The speech runs for 35:09. The speaker talks at a natural 165 words per minute, close to everyday conversation. 84% of the words are among the 3,000 most common in English; the rest is worth studying before you start.
Key vocabulary in this video
15 words from the video worth learning, with pronunciation and meaning:
| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| barrel noun | /ˈbæɹəl/ | A round (cylindrical) vessel, such as a cask, of greater length than breadth, and bulging in the middle, made of staves bound with hoops, and having flat ends… |
| diesel noun | /ˈdisəl/ | A fuel derived from petroleum (or other oils) but heavier than gasoline/petrol. Used to power diesel engines which burn this fuel using the heat produced when… |
| crack noun | /kɹæk/ | A thin and usually jagged space opened in a previously solid material. |
| shock noun | /ʃɔk/ | A sudden, heavy impact. |
| pipeline noun | /ˈpaɪpˌlaɪn/ | A conduit made of pipes used to convey water, gas or petroleum, etc. |
| strait noun | /stɹeɪt/ | A narrow channel of water connecting two larger bodies of water. |
| gasoline noun | /ˈɡæs.ə.liːn/ | A flammable liquid consisting of a mixture of refined petroleum hydrocarbons, mainly used as a motor fuel; petrol. |
| flip verb | /flɪp/ | To throw so as to turn over. |
| crude adjective | /kɹuːd/ | In a natural, untreated state. |
| export noun | /ˈɛks.pɔɹt/ | Something that is exported. |
| chart noun | /t͡ʃɑɹt/ | A map illustrating the geography of a specific phenomenon. |
| overseas adverb | /ˌoʊvɚˈsiːz/ | Abroad. |
| pump noun | /pʌmp/ | A device for moving or compressing a liquid or gas. |
| import noun | /ˈɪm.pɔɹt/ | Something brought in from an exterior source, especially for sale or trade. |
| shortage noun | /ˈʃɔː(ɹ)tɪd͡ʒ/ | A lack or deficiency; an insufficient amount. |
Phrasal verbs you will hear
| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| go up verb | To move upwards. | |
| drive up verb | To cause or force a price, quantity, rate, etc. to increase. | |
| come out verb | /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ | To be discovered; to be revealed. |
| go ahead verb | /ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/ | To proceed with; to begin. |
| go through verb | To travel from one end of something to the other. | |
| open up verb | To open. | |
| show up verb | To appear, arrive, or attend, especially suddenly or erratically. | |
| turn off verb | To power down, to switch off, to put out of operation, to deactivate (an appliance, light, mechanism, functionality etc.). |
Grammar in this video
The structures the speaker uses most, with the exact words from the video:
| Structure | In the video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — an action that started earlier and is still going on | has been going · they've been fighting · has been doing |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — a past action that still matters now | have never been · has been · has exploded |
| Passive voice be + past participle — the focus is on what happens, not who does it | was posted · is clustered · are allied |
| Relative clauses who / which + clause — extra information about a person or thing | market, which means · apps, which means · bicycle, Which means |
Pronunciation to watch
The speaker uses 51 contractions and reduced forms, such as don't, they're, I'm. Say them the short way, as you hear them.
- The “th” sounds: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, hypothetical /ˌhaɪpəˈθɛtɪkəl/
- The “sh” and “zh” sounds: shock /ʃɔk/, shortage /ˈʃɔː(ɹ)tɪd͡ʒ/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, regime /ɹəˈʒiːm/
- Long words — get the stress right: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, hypothetical /ˌhaɪpəˈθɛtɪkəl/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/
How to practise with this video
- Listen to the whole video once without speaking and note the words you do not know.
- Start at 0.75× speed, shadow it sentence by sentence, then go back to normal speed once it feels easy.
- Record yourself and compare with the original, paying attention to words like barrel, diesel, crack.
What is the Shadowing Technique?
Shadowing is a science-backed language learning technique originally developed for professional interpreter training and popularized by polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. The method is simple but powerful: you listen to native English audio and immediately repeat it out loud — like a shadow following the speaker with just a 1–2 second delay. Unlike passive listening or grammar drills, shadowing forces your brain and mouth muscles to simultaneously process and reproduce real speech patterns. Research shows it significantly improves pronunciation accuracy, intonation, rhythm, connected speech, listening comprehension, and speaking fluency — making it one of the most effective methods for IELTS Speaking preparation and real-world English communication.