Prática de Shadowing: Bài giảng Công Lý ở ĐH Harvard Tập 1 Phần 1 360p - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Funding for this program is provided by Additional funding provided by
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This is a course about justice and we begin with a story.
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Suppose you're the driver of a trolley car
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and your trolley car is hurtling down the track at 60 miles an hour
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and at the end of the track you notice five workers working on the track.
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You try to stop but you can't.
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Your brakes don't work.
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You feel desperate because you know that if you crash into these five workers because they will all die.
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Let's assume you know that for sure.
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And so you feel helpless until you notice that there is, off to the right, a side track.
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And at the end of that track there's one worker working on the track.
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Your steering wheel works.
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So you can turn the trolley car, if you want to, onto the side track,
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the one but sparing the five.
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Here's our first question.
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What's the right thing to do?
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What would you do?
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Let's take a poll.
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How many would turn the trolley car onto the side track?
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Raise your hands.
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how many wouldn't, how many would go straight ahead?
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keep your hands up, those of you who would go straight ahead a handful of people would,
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the vast majority would turn let's hear first, now we need to begin to investigate the reasons why you think it's the right thing to do,
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let's begin with those in the majority Who would turn to go onto the sidetrack?
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Why would you do it?
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What would be your reason?
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Who's willing to volunteer a reason?
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Go ahead, stand up.
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Because it can't be right to kill five people when you can only kill one person instead.
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It wouldn't be right to kill five if you could kill one person instead.
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That's a good reason.
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That's a good reason. Who else?
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Does everybody agree with that reason?
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Go ahead.
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Well, I think it's the same reason on 9-11.
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We regard the people who flew the plane into the Pennsylvania field as heroes,
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because they chose to kill the people in the plane and not kill more people in big buildings in the buildings?
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So the principle there was the same on 9-11.
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It's a tragic circumstance, but better to kill one so that five can live? Is
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that the reason most of you had those of you who
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would turn yes let's hear now from those in the minority those who wouldn't turn
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yes well i think that's the same type of mentality that justifies genocide and totalitarianism
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in order to save one type of race, you wipe out the other.
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So what would you do in this case?
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You would, to avoid the horrors of genocide, you would crash into the five and kill them?
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Presumably, yes.
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You would?
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Yeah.
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Okay, who else?
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That's a brave answer.
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Thank you.
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let's consider another trolley car case and see whether those of you in the majority
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want to adhere to the principle
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better that one should die so that five should live this time you're not the driver of the trolley car,
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you're an onlooker you're standing on a bridge overlooking a trolley car track
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and down the track comes a trolley car at the end of the track are five workers
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the brakes don't work
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the trolley car is about to careen into the five
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and kill them and now you're not the driver you really feel helpless until you notice standing next to you
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leaning over the bridge is a very fat man.
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And you could give him a shove.
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He would fall over the bridge onto the track right in the way of the trolley car.
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He would die, but he would spare the five.
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Now, how many would push the fat man over the bridge? raise your hand how many wouldn't?
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most people wouldn't here's the obvious question what became of the principle
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better to save five lives even
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if it means sacrificing one what became of the principle that almost everyone endorsed in the first case.
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I need to hear from someone who was in the majority in both cases.
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How do you explain the difference between the two?
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Yes.
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The second one, I guess, involves an active choice of pushing the person down,
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which I guess that person himself would otherwise not have been involved in the situation at all
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and so to choose on his behalf, I guess, to involve him in something that he otherwise would have escaped is,
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I guess, more than what you have in the first case, where the three parties, the driver and the two sets of workers,
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are already, I guess, in the situation.
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But the guy working, the one on the track, off to the side, he didn't choose to sacrifice his life any more than the fat man did, did he?
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That's true, but he was on the tracks. And you...
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This guy was on the bridge.
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Go ahead, you can come back if you want.
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All right, it's a hard question.
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You did well.
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You did very well.
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It's a hard question.
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Who else can find a way of reconciling the reaction of the majority in these two cases?
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Yes.
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Well, I guess in the first case where you have the one worker and the five, it's choice between those two.
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Then you have to make a certain choice and people are going to die because of the trolley car, not necessarily because of your direct actions the trolley car is a runway thing
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and you're making a split second choice whereas pushing the fat
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man over is an actual act of murder on your part you have control over
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that whereas you may not have control over the trolley car
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so i think it's a slightly different situation all right who has a reply is
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that is no that's that's good who has a way who wants to reply
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is that a way out of this um i don't think that's a very good reason because you choose to
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It's either way you have to choose who dies because you either choose to turn and kill the person, which is an active, conscious thought to turn, or you choose to push the fat man over,
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which is also an active, conscious action.
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So either way you're making a choice.
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Do you want to reply?
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Well, I'm not really sure that that's the case.
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It just still seems kind of different, the act of actually pushing someone over onto the tracks and killing him.
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You are actually killing him yourself.
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You're pushing him with your own hands.
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You're pushing him.
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And that's different than steering something that is going to cause death into another...
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You know, it doesn't really sound right saying it now.
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No, no, it's good.
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But I'm up here.
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It's good.
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What's your name?
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Andrew.
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Andrew.
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Let me ask you this question, Andrew.
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Yes.
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Suppose standing on the bridge next to the fat man, I didn't have to push him.
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Suppose he were standing over a trap door that I could open by turning a steering wheel like that. Would you turn?
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For some reason, that still just seems more wrong.
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Right?
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I mean, maybe if you accidentally like leaned into the steering wheel or something like that.
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But, or say that the car is hurtling towards a switch that will drop the trap.
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Then I could agree with that.
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Fair enough.
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It still seems wrong.
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in a way that it doesn't seem wrong in the first case to turn, you say.
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And in another way, I mean, in the first situation, you're involved directly with the situation.
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In the second one, you're an onlooker as well.
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All right.
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So you have the choice of becoming involved or not by pushing the fat man.
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All right.
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Let's forget for the moment about this case.
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That's good.
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Let's imagine a different case.
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This time you're a doctor in an emergency room, and six patients come to you.
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They've been in a terrible trolley car wreck.
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Five of them sustained moderate injuries, one is severely injured.
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You could spend all day caring for the one severely injured victim, but in that time the five would die.
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Or you could look after the five, restore them to health, but during that time the one severely injured person would die.
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How many would save the five?
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Now is the doctor.
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How many would save the one?
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Very few people.
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Just a handful of people.
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Same reason, I assume.
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One life versus five?
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Now consider another doctor case.
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This time you're a transplant surgeon
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and you have five patients each in desperate need of an organ transplant in order to survive.
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One needs a heart, one a lung, one a kidney, one a liver, and the fifth, a pancreas.
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And you have no organ donors.
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You are about to see them die.
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And then it occurs to you that in the next room,
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there's a healthy guy who came in for a checkup. And he's...
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You like that?
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And he's taking a nap.
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You could go in very quietly, yank out the five organs, that person would die.
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But you could save the five.
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How many would do it?
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anyone? how many? put your hands up if you would do it anyone in the balcony?
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you would?
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be careful, don't lean over too much what?
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how many wouldn't?
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alright, what do you say? speak up in the balcony, you who would would yank out the organs.
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Why?
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I'd actually like to explore a slightly alternate possibility of just
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taking the one of the five who needs an organ who dies first, and using their four healthy organs to save the other four.
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That's a pretty good idea.
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That's a great idea.
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except for the fact that you just wrecked the philosophical point
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let's step back from these stories and these arguments
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to notice a couple of things about the way the arguments have begun to unfold
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certain moral principles have already begun to emerge from the discussions we've had and let's consider what those moral principles look like.
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The first moral principle that emerged in the discussion said the right thing to do,
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the moral thing to do depends on the consequences that will result from your action.
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Objetivos de fala para este trecho
Este vídeo é perfeito para quem quer aprimorar a fluência em situações de discussão argumentativa, especialmente ao expressar opiniões complexas e justificá-las. Ao praticar com o diálogo, você aprenderá a estruturar raciocínios lógicos, usar conectivos e manter um fluxo natural — um marco crucial para falar inglês com confiança. É ideal para o método shadowspeak, pois a fala é clara e os argumentos são organizados, permitindo que você imite a pronúncia e a entonação dos falantes.
Banco de frases reutilizáveis
- "What's the right thing to do?" (Qual é a coisa certa a fazer?)
- "I think it's the same reason on 9-11." (Acho que é a mesma razão do 11 de setembro.)
- "Better to kill one so that five can live." (Melhor matar um para que cinco possam viver.)
- "That's a tragic circumstance." (Essa é uma circunstância trágica.)
- "Who's willing to volunteer a reason?" (Quem está disposto a oferecer uma razão?)
Essas frases são úteis em debates, reuniões ou até conversas informais, e podem ser adaptadas para diferentes contextos. Aprender inglês com YouTube nunca foi tão prático!
Corrija seus pontos fracos
O principal desafio neste vídeo é a entonação na expressão de opiniões — observe como os falantes usam a elevação da voz para marcar dúvidas ou ênfase, como em "Does everybody agree with that reason?". Além disso, a shadowing em inglês aqui ajuda a melhorar a ritmo da fala, especialmente nas frases longas com cláusulas subordinadas, como "You try to stop but you can't. Your brakes don't work." Pratique repetir essas partes imitando o tom e a velocidade dos falantes para evitar "quebras" na fluência. Lembre-se: o shadow speak é uma técnica comprovada para internalizar a pronúncia e a estrutura da língua.
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | people who flew · those who wouldn · someone who was |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | They've been · have begun · have already begun |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | is provided · have been involved |
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.