Prática de Shadowing: Einstein Didn't Invent Relativity! - Physics Explained for Beginners - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

Hey what's up you lot, Parth here.

It's the final video of 2019, this is the last one I'm going to be making before the start of the new decade, and today I wanted to talk to you about who invented relativity,

or who discovered relativity, depending on how you want to view it.

But the answer isn't as obvious as you might think.

Now you guys have been asking me for a long time to make videos about relativity, about thermodynamics, and to complete the Maxwell's Equation series that I started a while ago.

I've done two videos on that already and I've got two more to come, but those will all be in the new year.

For now, I wanted to talk to you about relativity

and about whether Einstein was the first person to have come up with the idea.

So without further ado, let's get into the video.

Now, like I said earlier, when we say relativity, we automatically think about Albert Einstein as being the person who either discovered or invented it, depending on how you view mathematics and physics.

But actually, the first person who came up with that idea, as far as we're aware, was not actually Einstein.

It was Galileo.

Albert Einstein is famous for his work on the theories of special and general relativity.

But way before Einstein, Galileo had his own theory of relativity.

Now before we go any further, there's one thing that we need to clarify.

Einstein did not steal Galileo's relativity.

Einstein did not take credit for Galileo's relativity.

They're very different ideas, just similar concepts come up in it quite often, and they're based on the same thing.

I'm being very vague, but you'll see what I mean in a second.

Both theories of relativity, Galileo's relativity and Einstein's relativity deal with fundamentally the concept of relative motion.

That's the motion of one object or one frame of reference relative to another object or frame of reference.

We'll see what frame of reference means in a second.

Now whenever we measure the speed of an object we always have to measure it relative to something else, relative to maybe a reference point.

So when we say a car is moving at 50 miles per hour, 50 miles per hour relative to what?

50 miles per hour faster than what or away from what.

That away from what often tends to be the ground

or you know the surface of the earth in most cases

because it's always annoying to have to constantly keep saying I

was driving at 50 miles per hour relative to the earth's surface

and you don't want to always say that but the idea is

that there has to be some sort of reference

that we're measuring speeds relative to and this is where the idea of relative motion comes in.

So So if I were to be running at a speed of 5km per hour, which obviously I wouldn't be doing for very long,

I hate running, I would be running at 5km per hour relative to the surface of the Earth.

This means that if we were to pick a point on the surface of the Earth

and use that as our reference point, I would be running away from it at a speed of 5km every hour, assuming I actually ran for that long.

Or equivalently we could just say that I'm running at 5km per hour relative to the surface of the Earth,

which is the thing that we take to be stationary when we make measurements like this.

In this case, what we've done is chosen something known as a reference frame, a frame of reference.

Now, a reference frame has a very complicated mathematical definition, but we're not going to go into that here.

For our purposes, all we need to know is

that a reference frame is kind of like a coordinate system that we choose.

In this case, we've chosen a coordinate system that could, say, have its origin at the random point on the Earth's surface that we chose.

We could say that the x direction is toward the right, the y direction is into the screen, and the z direction is upward.

And the earth is stationary in this reference frame, because relative to our coordinate system, the surface of the earth is not actually moving.

Whereas me, the person running on the surface of the earth, is not stationary in this reference frame.

And the reason for this is that every, say, minute or so, my x coordinate in this chosen coordinate system increases, because I'm moving relative to our coordinate system.

However, the interesting thing about both theories of relativities that we're discussing here, both Galileo's and Einstein's theories of relativity, is that we could choose a different reference frame.

We could choose my reference frame to be the one that we look at this scenario through.

So one thing that we could do is to choose a point on, let's say, my face as being our reference point or our origin for a new reference frame,

because this point moves the same way that I do.

And so in my reference frame, that point is not moving.

So we could choose a set of coordinate axes that emanate from this point on my face.

We could choose the x direction to be the same direction as we previously chose, and same for the y and z directions, except that this point is now moving the same way as me.

And if we now transform our perspective, if we look at this scenario through my reference frame, then it's perfectly valid for me to say that in my own reference frame, I am stationary.

I'm not moving relative to myself or to our origin that we've now chosen.

but the earth is moving in the negative x prime direction.

We'll call it x prime because we want to differentiate between what we called x earlier and now we're calling x prime.

The earth is moving in the x prime direction at negative 5 kilometers per hour.

So this is one very basic description of one of the principles of the theories of relativity that we're discussing here.

The idea that if there's what's known as uniform motion between two objects, so when objects are moving relative to each other at a constant speed,

the choice of either reference frame is a valid one.

It's not wrong to say that from my perspective the Earth is moving backward at 5km an hour.

This is not an incorrect thing to say.

The idea that from my perspective the Earth is moving is not incorrect

But it seems slightly foreign to us

because we're normally used to using the Earth's reference frame as our go-to reference frame Now what we've talked about

so far are some of the similarities between both Galileo's and Einstein's theories of relativity Let's look at some of the differences.

In both cases we've seen that they deal with relative motion, but one place where they differ massively is the assumptions that they make to base their mathematics on.

Galileo's relativity is based on what we now call classical mechanics, which is the ideas of physics,

the ideas about the universe that seem very common sense to us.

They seem very logical to us.

For example, Galileo's theory of relativity makes the assumption that regardless of how fast, let's say, you are traveling relative to me,

we will both experience time in exactly the same way.

A second passing for me is the same thing as a second passing for you.

And why should we not assume this?

You know, that makes that makes quite a lot of sense to us if we're just using what's known as common sense.

The problem is the universe is a lot more complicated than this.

We'll come back to that in a second.

But just to clarify, Galilei's theory assumes the following.

Let's assume you and I are both stationary relative to each other, so we're just standing in the same spot and we're chatting, and we decide to do an experiment.

Let's say we decide to synchronize our watches so

that they read the exact same time to the nearest trillions of a second, because, you know, we've got the best watches available to us as created by modern technology.

So basically, our watches are reading the exact same time.

Now, let's say that you stay exactly where you are, and I start moving relative to you at, say, I don't know, five kilometers an hour once again.

Galileo's theory of relativity assumes that regardless of this relative motion between us, Our watches will read the exact same times and we will experience time in the exact same way.

So one second passing for you will be the same as one second passing for me.

This idea is known as universal time.

The idea that everybody in the universe, regardless of, you know, fast motion relative to something else or no motion relative to something else, experiences time in the exact same way.

And once again, our natural instinct is to think, well, yeah, of course that's true.

How is that not true?

In what universe is that not true?

Ours.

Now, before we get into this whole weird thing about time being experienced differently by us, let's look at these equations, which are known as the Galilean transformations.

Now, they look a bit hairy, but don't worry, we're going to get the gist of them, the basic ideas from these equations, if we just take a careful look at a couple of them.

First of all, where do these equations even come from?

What do all of these different quantities mean?

Well, you notice that in this set of equations, we've got values of x, y, z, and we've got x prime, y prime, and z prime, which kind of link back to the coordinate axes

that we chose for the two different reference frames that we were discussing earlier.

100

Back then we were talking about the reference frame from the perspective of the earth, and the other reference frame was from the perspective of the person moving relative to the earth.

101

And these transformations actually do exactly the same kind of thing.

102

This is a transformation between two different reference frames where one

103

is moving at a constant speed of V relative to the other.

104

So specifically the idea is the following.

105

Let's say the first reference frame, the reference frame that the observer, us, is in, has a coordinate system where, let's say, this is our origin, and we've got our x, y, and z axes.

106

And the second reference frame is the one that we are watching as it moves.

107

And specifically, it's moving, like I said, with a speed v, but it's moving in the x direction, the direction that we've called x.

108

This means that for the moving reference frame, we can choose an origin.

109

but that origin, the origin of the second reference frame, is moving relative to us because the second reference frame is moving relative to our reference frame.

110

Now first things first, we're going to align the x, y, and z axes of our reference frame, we'll call our reference frame S, with the x prime, y prime,

111

and z prime coordinate axes of the second reference frame, the one that's moving relative to ours.

112

We'll call this reference frame S prime.

113

The other thing that we see in the Galilean transformation equations is a quantity labeled T.

114

This stands for time.

115

And the convention that needs to be used in order for these equations to be true is

116

that at a time of t is equal to zero, so we choose a random time in our reference frame as t is equal to zero,

117

the origin of our reference frame is exactly at the same place as the origin of the moving reference frame.

118

And crucially we can also say that t prime, the time experienced by a person in the moving reference frame, is also zero at this point in time.

119

So basically we've coordinated our watches with somebody who is in the S' reference frame, so that when our watch reads t is equal to 0, their watch also reads t is equal to 0,

120

and our origin is exactly in the same place as their origin.

121

And then, as time progresses, their coordinate axes move to the right, move in the x direction, at a speed v.

122

Now, let's deal with the Galilean transformation that says t is equal to t'.

123

Basically, this is the one that's making the implicit assumption of universal time.

124

This is the one that's saying time is experienced exactly the

125

same by everyone regardless of how they're moving relative to each other.

126

And because we set our watches so that t is equal to 0 aligned with t' is equal to 0, this means that if 5 seconds have passed in my reference frame,

127

5 seconds have passed in the other reference frame.

128

So time is not something to be worried about here.

129

Time is experienced exactly in the same way by people in either reference frame.

130

And we'll see that y is equal to y' and z is equal to z' as well.

131

What this is telling us is that if we choose an object at a particular point in space, let's say this is our object,

132

the y and z coordinates of that object are identical to the y' and z' coordinates of that object.

133

What this means is a little bit complicated.

134

Let's take a snapshot of our two reference frames, maybe two seconds after the origins of the two reference frames aligned.

135

So t is equal to 2 seconds and t' is equal to 2 seconds.

136

We know

137

that at this time the distance between the origins of the two reference frames is equal to the speed with

138

which reference frame s' is moving relative to s multiplied by the time.

139

And if we say that the speed with

140

which reference frame s' is moving relative to reference frame s is 5 meters per second, then we get

141

that the distance between the origins of these two reference frames

142

at a time of t is equal to 2 seconds is

143

equal to 5 meters per second multiplied by 2 seconds

144

because distance traveled is equal to speed multiplied by time

145

so now at this particular moment in time from our reference frame

146

and actually from the other one as well

147

because times are identical in both of these reference frames the

148

distance between the origins of the two reference frames is 10 meters

149

and that distance is in the x direction or the x prime direction

150

because remember the motion of the reference frame is only in the x or x prime direction.

151

Now we've got this object in space.

152

This has got nothing to do with what reference frames we have or what coordinate systems we're choosing.

153

This is just an object here in space.

154

It doesn't matter how we choose to describe it, but we can describe it in one of two ways in this particular case.

155

Firstly, we can use the coordinate system of frame S.

156

We can say that measured from the origin of the reference frame S, our reference frame, the object has coordinates of 4 meters, 3 meters and 2 meters.

157

This means it's 4 meters to the right of the origin, 3 meters into the screen from the origin, and 2 meters above the origin.

158

So what are the coordinates of this object in the reference frame S prime at this particular moment in time?

159

Well because we've taken a snapshot we can calculate this easily.

160

Now the origin that we're using is the origin of the reference frame S prime

161

and we know that its X prime coordinate must be negative 6 meters

162

because it's 6 meters to the left of the origin

163

and it's still three meters into the screen from the origin

164

and two meters above the origin and remember once again this is

165

when we're talking about the origin of frame s prime and

166

so we see

167

that the x coordinate of our object is not the same as the x prime coordinate of our object

168

but the y coordinate is the same as the y prime coordinate

169

and the z coordinate is the same as the z prime

170

coordinate this is done just to make life easier this is by construction we decided

171

that our two reference frames would move only in the x

172

or the x prime direction relative to each other and their coordinate axes aligned as well.

173

This means that we isolate all of the motion into just one direction

174

and we don't have to worry about the y or y prime directions nor the z or z prime directions.

175

And so for this particular instant in time we can use the relationship between x

176

and x prime coordinates for a particular object to give us the x prime coordinates of this object

177

if we know what the x coordinate is.

178

And if we don't even worry about taking a snapshot we can see

179

that this relationship relationship between the X

180

and the X' coordinates is directly related to the relative speed between the two reference frames.

181

Because as time progresses, frame S' gets further and further to the right of the diagram as we've drawn it.

182

This means that its X' coordinate is going to get more and more negative as time passes.

183

But notice one other thing.

184

The object's X coordinate stays exactly the same regardless of what time we're thinking about.

185

Because this object is stationary in the reference frame S.

186

It's not moving relative to the origin of the reference frame S or for that matter

187

Relative to any point in our reference frame S and so

188

that is a basic gist of the Galilean transformations Now

189

if there's something that I haven't quite explained properly then let me know in the comments down below

190

And I'll try and clarify a bit equally as always

191

if I've made a mistake Let me know as well and I'll try and correct it as quickly as possible But anyway, so these Galilean transformations are based on very common sense ideas things

192

that come naturally to us straight from childhood such as universal time.

193

That's not even something

194

that most of us would consider to question until somebody like Einstein came along and did it for us.

195

In fact, I know speaking from personal experience, this is not even something I would have known was a thing that could be questioned.

196

It's just that it's so ingrained into us from personal experience.

197

So I guess the question is, why did Einstein question it?

198

Why did Einstein think that universal time was something that needed to be trashed?

199

Was he just a straight-up genius?

200

Well, the answer to that, as we already know is yes he was, but there's a very specific reason why he questioned such ideas, and that reason is Maxwell's equations.

201

Specifically, Maxwell's equations deal with electricity and magnetism, which means that they also deal with electromagnetic waves, light being one of them.

202

Now if you haven't seen my videos on Maxwell's equations, check them out up here, I've made two of them so far and I've got two more left to come, and that will be in the new year.

203

But the point is that Einstein started thinking about special relativity, the first theory of relativity he came up with because of Maxwell's equations.

204

There was a weird mathematical artifact that popped out from the mathematics of Maxwell's equations when they were dealing with electromagnetic waves.

205

These equations specifically said that the speed of electromagnetic waves must be constant.

206

And they weren't talking about any particular reference frame in which this speed must be constant.

207

They just said it was constant.

208

And this was a really weird thing.

209

Initially, people thought that Maxwell's equations would need to be modified to be corrected for this mistake.

210

However, Einstein decided to include it in his mathematics and see where that took him.

211

But it is a really strange idea.

212

Let's say for example that I was to measure the speed of light and I found it to be whatever value.

213

Let's call it C because that's usually what it's called anyway.

214

It was a really weird thing for people to think that if I measured the speed of light to be C, then somebody who was moving, let's say, 10 meters per second in this direction relative to me,

215

would also measure the speed of light to be C in their own reference frame.

216

Because what this essentially meant was the following.

217

No matter how fast you travel, you always measure the speed of light to be exactly the same from your point of view.

218

And this is not how things normally behave, right?

219

If you throw a ball at 10 meters per second, you're measuring its speed to be 10 meters per second.

220

But then if you start running towards the ball at 2 meters per second, then from your perspective the ball is only moving away from you at 8 meters per second.

221

Whereas with light you somehow couldn't catch up with it regardless of how fast you were moving, that was always the speed you measured it to be.

222

But regardless Maxwell's equations popped out the fact that the speed of light must be constant regardless of reference frame.

223

So this was the basic assumption that Einstein went by when he devised his theory of relativity or specifically special relativity.

224

But then because the speed of light had to be constant in both of the reference frames that we're dealing with here, he had to let something else be flexible instead.

225

He had to let the experience of time in each of these reference frames be slightly different, and the same is true for the experience of distance.

226

This is why the effects of time dilation and length contraction are a thing.

227

If you've never heard of these before, then I might make videos about this in the future, but there are already brilliant videos about this on YouTube, so check them out.

228

I'll leave a link to some good ones in the description below if I remember to do it.

229

But anyway, so one of the assumptions that Einstein made when talking about his theory of relativity

230

was that the speed of light was constant in both of these reference frames, whether that was the one that was stationary relative to us

231

or the one that was moving at 5 meters per second relative to us.

232

And following all of this through mathematically, slightly changed the transformation equations that we saw earlier.

233

These are the Galilean transformations and these are the ones devised by Einstein.

234

Now we're not going to go through these ones in great detail, that I want to say for a future video, but if we look carefully, there is this factor of gamma.

235

Now gamma is related to the relative speed between the two reference frames

236

And this is what encodes for both length contraction and time dilation the difference in experience of time and distance

237

Depending on what reference frame you're in now It's worth noting

238

that there is a lot of experimental evidence for the universe to actually work the way

239

that Einstein thought it did And not the way

240

that Galileo thought it did So why is it

241

so common sense for us to think of the universe in the same way that Galileo did?

242

Well, it's because this factor of gamma does not become even noticeable

243

unless we're talking about relative speeds close to the speed of light.

244

And the speed of light is 300 million meters per second.

245

And what this means is that for everyday velocities that we experience, let's say a bus is moving relative to us, or even a plane is moving relative to us,

246

we don't have to experience these special relativistic effects.

247

Because when the relative velocities of the two reference frames are small compared to the speed of light, and let's face it, even a plane is slow compared to the speed of light,

248

the factor of gamma, like I said, is essentially negligible.

249

And what we get are approximately Galileo's transformation equations.

250

It's only in places like particle accelerators, or where things move very, very close to the speed of light, that we notice the special relativistic effects, the effects that Einstein predicted would happen.

251

And that is why common sense, based on personal experience, tells us that universal time and other assumptions made by Galileo are actually true,

252

when in reality, that's not the case at all.

253

Now for me personally, this is a very good reminder

254

that the universe is a lot more complicated than we realize and we should never take our common sense for granted.

255

Of course, there's a reason why it's called common sense because it serves us very well in day-to-day activities.

256

And even back in the day when our ancestors had to fight to survive, it would have helped them a lot.

257

However, Einstein teaches us a very valuable lesson to question everything

258

that we think is obvious and allow science to do its thing, test it experimentally until it's proven either incorrect and we need to find a new description

259

or science tells us that it's quite likely to be correct.

260

And with all of that being said, I think I'd like to end my discussion here.

261

Thank you so much for watching.

262

I've got a couple of updates for you.

263

Firstly, like I said, this is my last video of 2019.

264

And once again, I want to thank every single one of you for supporting me.

265

All of you that have left nice comments, all of you that have subscribed to my channel, all of you that have left constructive criticism.

266

I once again, can't thank you enough.

267

I've got some exciting ideas for what I want to do with this channel for 2020

268

so I'm looking forward to seeing you guys in the new decade.

269

Secondly, I've also been thinking about starting a second channel because with this channel I keep it very physics focused.

270

However, like you guys know, like many of you guys know, I've got a lot of extracurricular activities that I like to do in my spare time.

271

Badminton, music, started getting more and more into video editing, color grading, so on and so forth.

272

That's one of the interests that I've had as well.

273

And I just generally like to have a chat about stuff, make it a bit more informal and just make videos

274

that are a bit different to the physics stuff that I do on this channel.

275

If you guys would be interested in seeing that then let me know

276

and as always

277

if you want a current place to see what I've been

278

up to in my spare time then follow me on Instagram at Pluff Vlogs.

279

I make vlogs on IGTV, well I've made one so far and I'm working on a second one but you know I do make vlogs there.

280

Anyway thank you so much for watching and I'll see you in 2020.

281

Bye!

📺 Mesmo canal

LET THERE BE... Voltage? | Maxwell's Equation #2 Explained for Beginners

Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults

Let There Be Light: Maxwell's Equation EXPLAINED for BEGINNERS

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students

✨ Vídeo recomendado

236 frases

Albert Einstein's Story || Learn English Through Story 🔥 || English Listening Practice ✅

Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students

165 frases

Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição

Este vídeo tem 281 frases e 4572 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 20:55. O falante fala rápido, cerca de 219 palavras por minuto, então espere sons ligados e reduzidos. 85% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.

Vocabulário principal deste vídeo

15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:

Palavra	Pronúncia	Significado
relative substantivo	/ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/	parente, parenta
coordinate verbo	/koʊˈɔɹ.dəˌneɪt/	coordenar
meter substantivo	/ˈmitəɹ/	contador
equation substantivo	/ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/	equação
transformation substantivo	/ˌtɹæns.fɔɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/	transformação
axe substantivo	/æks/	machado
stationary adjetivo	/ˈsteɪʃəˌnɛɹi/	estacionário
assumption substantivo	/əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/	suposição, pressuposição
universal adjetivo	/ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/	universal
complicated adjetivo	/ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/	complicado
physics substantivo	/ˈfɪz.ɪks/	física
mathematics substantivo	/mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/	matemática
gamma substantivo	/ˈɡæ.mə/	gama
align verbo	/əˈlaɪn/	alinhar-se, alinhar
depend verbo	/dɪˈpɛnd/	depender

Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir

Palavra	Significado
come up with verbo	pensar (em), alcançar
look forward to verbo	ansiar por, estar ansioso para

Gramática neste vídeo

As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:

Estrutura	No vídeo
Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — uma ação que começou antes e continua	have been asking · I've also been thinking
Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora	I've done · we've done · we've chosen
Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz	is chosen · is based · is known
Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa	person who either · person who came · mechanics, which is

Pronúncia para ficar de olho

O falante usa 84 contrações e formas reduzidas, como we're, we've, I've. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.

Os sons de “th”: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, mathematical /ˌmæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/, thermodynamics /ˌθɜː(ɹ)moʊdaɪˈnæmɪks/
Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, transformation /ˌtɹæns.fɔɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, stationary /ˈsteɪʃəˌnɛɹi/, assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/
Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: coordinate /koʊˈɔɹ.dəˌneɪt/, transformation /ˌtɹæns.fɔɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, stationary /ˈsteɪʃəˌnɛɹi/, universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/

Como praticar com este vídeo

Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como relative, coordinate, meter.

O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.

Técnica de shadowing: leia o guia completo passo a passo →

Prática de Shadowing: Einstein Didn't Invent Relativity! - Physics Explained for Beginners - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

LET THERE BE... Voltage? | Maxwell's Equation #2 Explained for Beginners

Let There Be Light: Maxwell's Equation EXPLAINED for BEGINNERS

Albert Einstein's Story || Learn English Through Story 🔥 || English Listening Practice ✅

Philomena Cunk vs Prof. Jim Al Khalili CBE (2025 Edition)

What If a Needle Hit The Earth At The Speed Of Light?

Famous Inventions and Their Inventors! 🔬 Learn English with Animation

Scientists Finally Figured Out What Love Is For

Walter Lewin explains Newton's third law

Flat Earthers vs Scientists: Can We Trust Science? | Middle Ground

Einstein’s beef with quantum physics, explained | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think

The Philosophy of Rick Sanchez

Why Life Seems to Speed Up as We Age

This Is Exactly Why I'm an Atheist